Cara Menyusui Yang Kurang Tepat Menghambat Proses Menyusui

Pada dasarnya semua ibu mampu menyusui, tetapi cara menyusui yang kurang tepat dan beban pikiran sedikit saja dapat menghambat proses menyusui.

1. Mempersiapkan mental
Faktor mental sangat berpengaruh pada produksi Air Susu Ibu. Kerja hormon oksitosin yang betugas memberi rangsangan bagi pengaliran Air Susu Ibu akan terhambat saat ibu stres. Berpikirlah positif bahwa Air Susu Ibu yang akan diberikan pasti cukup untuk sang buah hati, sehingga kerja hormon aksitoksin menjadi optimal.

2. Menjaga kebersihan
Sebelum menyusui, cuci tangan lebih dahulu. Bersihkan daerah areola dan puting dengan waslap basah yang bersih.


3. Gizi ibu cukup
Ibu yang menyusui harus mengkonsumsi makanan yang bergizi seimbang (mengandung air, karbohidrat, protein, lemak, mineral, dan vitamin)

4. Posisi dan pelekatan bayi
Pastikan posisi bayi ketika menyusu. Wajahnya menghadap ke dada ibu. Mulutnya harus juga menghisap areola selain puting. Lekatkan tubuh bayi ke tubuh ibu.

5. Frekuensi dan jumlah
Kandungan gizi Air Susu Ibu tidak sama dari menit ke menit. Saat pertama kali keluar, komposisi yang terbesar adalah air disusul karbohidrat, lalu protein, dan terakhir lemak. Butuh waktu sekitar 30 menit menyusui agar bayi mendapatkan komposisi gizi secara lengkap. Pindahkan bayi ke payudara satunya jika payudara pertama sudah terasa kosong. Berikanlah Air Susu Ibu sebanyak bayi mau. Biasanya bayi akan lapar dalam 2-3 jam setelah pemberian Air Susu Ibu terakhir.

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The Concept of Environmental Health

CONCEPT
A belief that Compleks against an object, object, event or phenomenon based on experiences and perceptions of a person of ideas, views or beliefs. Collection of some concept = concept of a model or framework

ENVIRONMENT
The classic environment is organized around the organization, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and the relationships within it. Other environmental sense, a unity with all things space, power, state and other living things. Space, is a place of various environmental components occupy and perform the process, so that between the living and the environmental component is an integral and inseparable. Ecological environment is applied in order for humans to implement prinsif and central concepts of ecology in the environment. Humans are the most dominant creatures on the earth's ecosystems.
Environmental Concepts in the paradigm of nursing in the community environment that is focused on the physical environment, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual. To understand the relationship with the public health environment (individuals, families, groups and communities)


Triangle model can be used: Agent = host = Environment

The three components are interrelated and can affect the health status of residents.
Agent: a factor of a factor that can cause disease.
Host: namely human beings or animal life that can become infected or is influenced by the agent.
Environment: external factors that affect health

As
- Environment slums
- Work environment uncomfortable
- Low socioeconomic level
- Public education is low
- The limited number of health care facilities.
- Location of health care facilities that are far from human habitation

Disease Occurrence
Disease process (John Gordon)
1. A balance between the agent and the Host which is contingent on the environment or someone in good health.
2. Host Agent heavier than normal, which is based on the environment
3. Host Agent heavier than normal, which is based on the environment
4. Host Agent heavier than relying on an abnormal environment
5. Host Agent heavier than relying on an abnormal environment

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Gasteritis, Peradangan pada Mukosa Lambung

PENGERTIAN
Gastritis adalah suatu peradangan pada mukosa (lapisan luar lambung) yang disebabkan oleh asam lambung.
PENYEBAB GASTRITIS
1. Makanan yang terlalu pedas atau asam serta minum kopi
2. makanan yang banyak mengandung gas (sawi, kol)
3. Minuman yang banyak mengandung gas (Coke, Sprite)
4. Stress (banyak pikiran)
5. Obat penahan sakit (Aspirin, Asam mefenamat)
6. Bahan kimia yang merangsang lambung (zat asam/acid)

TANDA DAN GEJALA
1. Nyeri uluhati / lambung
2. Mual / muntah
3. Nyeri tekan pada lambung
4. Muntah bercampur darah (bila sudah parah)


AKIBAT LANJUT DARI GASTRITIS
1. Muntah darah (dapat mengakibatkan kematian)
2. Anemia (kurang darah)
3. Kanker lambung
4. Ulkus / luka infeksi pada lambung

PENCEGAHAN
1. Makan teratur dan tepat waktu
2. Istirahat yang cukup minimal 8 jam dalam sehari
3. Hindarkan penyebab, seperti : minum kopi, minum alcohol, makanan bumbu pedas/asam, dan makanan yang mengandung gas.

PERAWATAN GASTRITIS
1. Teknik relaksasi pernafasan saat nyeri lambung.
2. Pola makan teratur
3. Kompres hangat dengan air dalam botol
4. Pengaturan ruang makanan yang menarik

PENGOBATAN GASTRITIS
1. Tablet antasida (Aluminium hidroksida) untuk menetralisir asam
2. Jus lemon encer atau cuka encer untuk menetralisir alkali
3. Analgetik dan sedative
4. Cairan intravena (infuse)

TINDAKAN PEMBEDAHAN
Mungkin dilakukan untuk mengangkat gangrene (jaringan perforasi)

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Asuhan Keperawatan Klien Anak Dengan Thipoid

Asuhan Keperawatan Klien Anak Dengan Thipoid
A. Definisi
1. Tipoid adalah penyakit infeksi akut yang menyerang usus halus dan Menimbulkan gejala-gejala sistemik.Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh salmonella tifosa,paratifi A,B dan C. ( Standar asuhan keperawatan pasien anak;tifoid;seri III P.K.keperawatan St Carolus Jakarta;2002;hal 1 )
2. Tifus abdominalis ( demam tifoid ) adalah penyakit infeksi akut yang Biasanya mengenai saluran cerna dengan gejala demam lebih dari 7 hari Gangguan pada saluran cerna,dan gangguan kesadaran. ( Kapita selecta kedokteran;edisi 3;media Aesculapius FKUI;2000;423 )

B. Etiologi
Salmonella tifosa,Basil gram negatif,bergerak dengan rambut getar, Tidak berspora,mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya 3 antigen yaitu: Antigen O (Somatik,tidur dari zat kompleks lippopolisakarida ) antigen H ( Flagela ) 3 Antigen Vi.Dalam serum penderita terdapat zat anti ( Aglutinin ) terhadap ketiga macam antigen tersebut. ( Standar asuhan keperawatan anak; Typoid;seri III7;PK Keperawatan St Carolus;Jakarta;2002 1 )

C. Tanda Dan Gejala
1. Pada bayi :Gastroenteritis ringan atau septikimia berat.Sering ditemukan muntah-mantah,distensia abdomen dan diare.Suhu tubuh meningkat,hepatomegali,ikterus,anoreksia,dan penurunan berat badan. 2. Pada anak;masa tunasnya berkisar 10-20 hari.ditandai oleh demam ,malaise,letargi,sakit kepala,nyeri abdomen,dan diare semakin hebat Terdapat tanda yang khas pada lidah yaitu :kotor ditengah,tepi dan ujung lidah merah.kesadaran mulai menurun disusul dengan depresi Mental delirium dan stupor.Anak tampak sakit berat,disorientasi dan limfe membesar. ( Standar Asuhan keperawatan pasien anak;tifoid;seri III;Panitia Komisi Keperawatan St Carolus;Jakarta;2002;1-2 )

D. Komplikasi
1. Komplikasi intestinal
a. Perdarahan usus akibab luka dinding usus dan ditandai dengan melena.
b. Perforasi usus yang ditandai dengan nadi kecil dan cepat Tensi Turín,perut tegang seperti papan.
c. Ileus paralitik,gangguan persyarafan yang mengatur fungsi Usus halus.

2. Komplikasi ekstra intestinal meliputi :
a. Kerusakan limpoid –limpoid di ileum membengkak dan terjadi peradangan
b. Kerusakan kandung empedu.Basil dapat hidup lama dalam kandung empedu dan menyebabkan batu empedu.
c. Kerusakan paru-paru pasien yang lama berbaring dan kurang pergerakan dapat mengalami bronchitis,pneumoni, Emplema.pleuritis.
d. Kerusakan darah :anemia haemolitik trombositopeni dan sindrom uremia haemolitik pada pemeriksaan darah tepi terdapat leukopeni yang jelas antara 2000- 5000/mm. Dengan leucocyt polimorphonuclear,sedang sel-sel mononuclear meningkat.
e. Komplikasi neuropsikiatris;delirium,meningitis,polineuritis perifer, Sindroma gulian barre dan sindrom katatonia. ( Standar Asuhan keperawatan pasien anak;tifoid;seri III;Panitia Komisi Keperawatan St Carolus;Jakarta;2002;1-2 )

E. Pengkajian
1. Sistem pencernaan Mual,muntah ,kembung,anoreksia,nyeri abdomen,lidah kotor,hepatomegali splenomegali,diare/konstifasi.
2. Sistem sirkulasi Peningkatan suhu tubuh,nadi meningkat
3. Sistem neurologi Gangguan kesadaran,somnolen sampai koma.
4. Aktifitas dan kenyamanan Malaise,letargi

F. Pemeriksaan Penunjang
1. Pemeriksaan Darah Perifer Lengkap Dapat ditemukan leukopeni, dapat pula leukositosis atau kadar leukosit normal. Leukositosis dapat terjadi walaupun tanpa disertai infeksi sekunder.
2. Pemeriksaan SGOT dan SGPT SGOT dan SGPT sering meningkat, tetapi akan kembali normal setelah sembuh. Peningkatan SGOT dan SGPT ini tidak memerlukan penanganan khusus
3. Pemeriksaan Uji Widal Uji Widal dilakukan untuk mendeteksi adanya antibodi terhadap bakteri Salmonella typhi.

Uji Widal dimaksudkan untuk menentukan adanyaaglutinin dalam serum penderita Demam Tifoid. Akibat adanya infeksi oleh Salmonella typhi maka penderita membuat antibodi (aglutinin) yaitu: • Aglutinin O: karena rangsangan antigen O yang berasal dari tubuh bakteri • Aglutinin H: karena rangsangan antigen H yang berasal dari flagela bakteri • Aglutinin Vi: karena rangsangan antigen Vi yang berasal dari simpai bakter. Dari ketiga aglutinin tersebut hanya aglitinin O dan H yang digunakan untuk diagnosis Demam Tifoid. Semakin tinggi titernya semakin besar kemungkinan menderita Demam Tifoid. ( Pedoman diagnosis dan terapi Ilmu Kesehatan Anak;edisi 2;SMF ilmu Kesehatan anak,FK Unpad ;RSUP Dr Hasan sadikin;Bandung;2000;185)

G. Prioritas Masalah 1. Hipertermi 2. Perubahan nutrisi 3. Resiko kekurngan volume cairan 4. Intoleransi aktivitas

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Nutrisi Yang Di Butuhkan Balita

Di usia balita, anak membutuhkan nutrisi yang tepat dan seimbang. Karena di usia inilah tubuh dan otaknya berkembang secara pesat. Usia balita adalah usia-usia yang sangat kritis dan karenanya nutrisi yang Anda berikan pada si Kecil perlu Anda perhatikan secara seksama.

Makanan menyediakan energi dan nutrisi yang diperlukan balita agar tetap sehat. Yang Anda perlu perhatikan di usia-usia ini adalah:
1. Pastikan balita Anda mendapat zat besi yang cukup.
2. Anak-anak usia 1-3 tahun membutuhkan kalsium sebesar 500 mg per hari
3. Makanan yang berserat dibutuhkan setelah usia 3 tahun karena dapat mencegah penyakit.
4. Sebelum usia 2 tahun, janganlah memberikan anak Anda kacang-kacangan dan seafood atau makanan laut. 5. Di usia 2-5 tahun, Anda bisa memberikan makanan-makanan seperti nasi, pasta, sereal, roti gandum, brokoli, kembang kol, wortel, kentang, tomat, ubi, labu, sayuran hijau, apel, pisang, jeruk, strawberry, kiwi, semangka, daging sapi, ayam, ikan, tahu, dan tentu saja susu dan produk susu lainnya.
6. Hindari memberikan gula yang terlalu banyak kepada balita karena gula membuat pankreas dan ginjalnya bekerja lebih keras dan bisa menyebabkan diabetes dan obesitas.

Gantilah permen dan makanan manis dengan buah-buahan dan teh manis dengan jus buah yang tidak digulai. Selain dari makanan, Anda pun bisa memastikan mereka mendapatkan kebutuhan nutrisi mereka dengan meminum susu.

Susu kaya akan nutrisi yang membantu pertumbuhan mereka, dan juga nutrisi yang bisa membantu perkembangan otak mereka. Dan untuk anak Anda yang susah makan, susu bisa membantu menambah nutrisi yang mereka tidak dapatkan dari makanan. Terutama yang terpenting bagi perkembangan balita Anda tentunya adalah gaya hidup sehat.

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Anatomi Lidah

Pada mamalia dan vertebrata yang lain, pada lidahnya terdapat reseptor untuk rasa. Reseptor ini peka terhadap stimulus dari zat-zat kimia, sehingga disebut kemoreseptor. Reseptor tersebut adalah kuncup-kuncup pengecap. Kuncup tersebut berbentuk seperti bawang kecil atau piala dan terletak dipermukaan epitelium pada permukaan atas lidah. Kadang juga dijumpai pada langit-langit rongga mulut, faring dan laring, walaupun sedikit sekali.

Kuncup-kuncup pengecap ini ada yang tersebar dan ada pula yang berkeompok dalam tonjolan-tonjolan epitel yang disebut papila. Terdapat empat macam papila lidah:
1. Papila foliate, pada pangkal lidah bagian lateral,
2. Papila fungiformis, pada bagian anterior.
3. Papila sirkumfalata, melintang pada pangkal lidah.
Ketiga papila di atas mengandung kuncup pengecap, dan
4. Papila Filiformis, terdapat pada bagian posterior. Pada foliate tidak terdapat kuncup-kuncup pengecap.


Setiap kuncup pengecap terdiri dari dua macam sel, yaitu sel pengecap dan sel penunjang, pada sel pengecap terdapat silia (rambut gustatori) yang memanjang ke lubang pengecap. Zat-zat kimia dari makanan yang kita makan, mencapai kuncup pengecap melalui lubang-lubang pengecap (taste pores).

Kuncup-kuncup pengecap pada semua vertebrata mendapat persarafan dari cabang-cabang saraf kranial nomor VII, IX, dan X.

Kuncup-kuncup pengecap dapat merespon empat rasa dasar, yaitu manis, masam, asin dan pahit. Pada lidah reseptor-reseptor yang sensitif terhadap rasa manis terdapat pada ujung lidah, sedangkan untuk rasa masam terdapat pada bagian kanan dan kiri lidah. Pangkal lidah sensitif untuk rasa pahit dan bagian samping depan sensitif terhadap rasa asin.

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Sistem Pertahanan Tubuh

Tuhan menciptakan setiap makhluk hidup dengan kemampuan untuk mempertahankan diri terhadap ancaman dari luar dirinya. Salah satu ancaman terhadap manusia adalah penyakit, terutama penyakit infeksi yang dibawa oleh berbagai macam mikroba seperti virus, bakteri, parasit, jamur. Tubuh mempunyai cara dan alat untuk mengatasi penyakit sampai batas tertentu. Beberapa jenis penyakit seperti pilek, batuk, dan cacar air dapat sembuh sendiri tanpa pengobatan.

Dalam hal ini dikatakan bahwa sistem pertahanan tubuh (sistem imun) orang tersebut cukup baik untuk mengatasi dan mengalahkan kuman-kuman penyakit itu. Tetapi bila kuman penyakit itu ganas, sistem pertahanan tubuh (terutama pada anak-anak atau pada orang dewasa dengan daya tahan tubuh yang lemah) tidak mampu mencegah kuman itu berkembang biak, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan penyakit berat yang membawa kepada cacat atau kematian.


Sistem imun adalah suatu sistem dalam tubuh yang terdiri dari sel-sel serta produk zat-zat yang dihasilkannya, yang bekerja sama secara kolektif dan terkoordinir untuk melawan benda asing seperti kuman-kuman penyakit atau racunnya, yang masuk ke dalam tubuh.

Kuman disebut antigen. Pada saat pertama kali antigen masuk ke dalam tubuh, maka sebagai reaksinya tubuh akan membuat zat anti yang disebut dengan antibodi. Pada umumnya, reaksi pertama tubuh untuk membentuk antibodi tidak terlalu kuat, karena tubuh belum mempunyai "pengalaman." Tetapi pada reaksi yang ke-2, ke-3 dan seterusnya, tubuh sudah mempunyai memori untuk mengenali antigen tersebut sehingga pembentukan antibodi terjadi dalam waktu yang lebih cepat dan dalam jumlah yang lebih banyak. Itulah sebabnya, pada beberapa jenis penyakit yang dianggap berbahaya, dilakukan tindakan imunisasi atau vaksinasi. Hal ini dimaksudkan sebagai tindakan pencegahan agar tubuh tidak terjangkit penyakit tersebut, atau seandainya terkena pun, tidak akan menimbulkan akibat yang fatal.

Memberikan suntikan imunisasi pada bayi anda tepat pada waktunya adalah faktor yang sangat penting untuk kesehatan bayi anda. Yakinlah bahwa dengan membawa bayi anda untuk melakukan imunisasi adalah salah satu yang terpenting dari bagian tanggung jawab anda sebagai orang tua

Setiap orangtua pasti menginginkan anaknya tumbuh menjadi anak yang sehat dan cerdas. Kesehatan memang modal utama untuk memulai kehidupan ini dengan lebih baik. Karena itu sebagai orangtua kita tidak boleh melupakan imunisasi bagi bayi dan anak kita, karena imunisasi ini amat berguna untuk melindungi anak kita dari berbagai virus yang mengancam kehidupannya.

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Cara Melangsikan Tubuh

Ada banyak cara menurunkan berat badan, mulai dari bermacam metode diet, olahraga, operasi sedot lemak, tusuk jarum, sampai minum obat pelangsing. Manakah yang aman dan efektif ?

Merujuk pada badan kesehatan dunia, WHO, disebutkan bahwa penurunan berat badan yang baik tidak dapat dilakukan secara instan, tetapi merupakan terapi jangka panjang. Yang dibutuhkan untuk mengurangi berat badan bukan sekadar mengurangi porsi makan, tetapi juga diperlukan bimbingan dari ahli gizi sebelum melakukan perubahan pola makan, disertai aktivitas fisik serta terapi perilaku.

Untuk mencari tahu cara pelangsingan mana yang sehat, aman, sekaligus efektif, bacalah uraian berikut sampai tuntas.

Sedot lemak
Cara membuang lemak yang kini sedang tren adalah operasi liposuction dan tummy-tuck. Operasi ini banyak dipilih karena berat badan bisa turun secara drastis tanpa perlu capek berolahraga dan melakukan diet, hal itu dibuktikan oleh kesaksian seorang artis ternama. Tapi mengapa ya meski lemaknya sudah dibuang, badannya masih juga melar ?

Pada dasarnya liposuction adalah operasi untuk mengeluarkan lemak di bawah kulit, dan dilakukan untuk mencapai keserasian bentuk tubuh, bukan untuk menurunkan berat badan. Sedangkan tummy-tuck adalah proses pembuangan jaringan lemak yang berlebih dan kulit di atasnya untuk membentuk tubuh lebih estetis. Lemak yang dikurangi pun tak boleh lebih dari 3-5 kg sekali operasi

Menurut dokter spesialis gizi, dr.Johanes Chandrawinata, MND,SpGK, kedua jenis operasi tersebut biasa dilakukan dokter terhadap pasien yang memiliki tubuh bergelambir setelah berat badan tubuhnya susut. Jadi, menurunkan berat dulu baru dioperasi, bukan operasi untuk menurunkan berat karena setelah 3 bulan tubuh akan gemuk kembali.

Gastric binding & gastric by-pass
Tindakan ini dipilih jika dengan metode pelangsingan apa pun tidak berhasil. Gastric binding adalah pemasangan alat "pengikat lambung" yang menyebabkan kantung lambung lebih kecil sehingga kita tidak akan makan terlalu banyak karena tubuh lebih cepat merasa kenyang. Melalui tindakan ini berat badan dapat berkurang 35-60 persen dalam 12 bulan.

Berbeda dengan gastric binding yang bersifat sementara, gastric by-pass bersifat permanen, dokter akan membuat ’jalan’ penghubung antara pangkal lambung dengan usus halus sehingga makanan tidak melalui lambung namun langsung ke usus halus. Dengan gastric by-pass, berat badan dapat dikurangi sampai 80 persen. Untuk melakukan kedua jenis tindakan tersebut, pasien harus berusia di atas 35 tahun.

Akunpuntur
Sampai saat ini metode akunpuntur belum dapat dibuktikan secara ilmiah dapat menurunkan berat badan. Umumnya para pasien pun berhenti di tengah jalan karena tak kunjung mendapatkan berat ideal yang diharapkan.

Obat dan suplemen pelangsing
Sebelum percaya oleh iming-iming iklan, sebaiknya teliti lebih dahulu kandungan obat-obatan dan suplemen tersebut. Badan pengawasan obat dan makanan AS (FDA) bahkan melarang konsumsi suplemen pelangsing yang mengandung kandungan akftif E.sinica atau efedrin karena memiliki efek samping gejala psikiatrik, mengganggu saluran cerna serta membuat jantung berdebar-debar.
Meski menyebutkan mampu menurunkan kadar lemak, tak sedikit obat pelangsing yang hanya mampu mengurangi berat tubuh 1,2 kg selama 6-14 minggu, setara dengan diet redah kalori sebesar 1250/hari pada kurun waktu 0.5 minggu tanpa obat apa pun.

Diet popular
Diet popular sering disebut sebagai "Fad Diets", memiliki karateristik antara lain ; menjanjikan penurunan badan yang cepat, dapat menyembuhkan berbagai penyakit, menganjurkan penggunaan suplemen, makan berdasarkan waktu tertentu, membatasi atau melarang makanan tertentu dan hanya untuk jangka pandang. Yang dapat digolongkan ke dalam fad diets misalnya diet rendah karbohidrat, food combining, diet berdasar golongan darah, mayo clinic diet. Karena banyaknya larangan untuk memakan jenis makanan tertentu, biasanya kebutuhan tubuh akan gizi tidak terpenuhi karena kekurangan vitamin, zat besi, serta serat. Dari segi ilmu gizi, setiap waktu makan (pagi, siang dan malam) dianjurkan memakan makanan yang bervariasi dalam jumlah seimbang, karena tubuh membutuhkan berbagai macam zat gizi sekaligus.

Menurunkan berat badan secara sehat
Meskipun belum ada jawaban pasti diet mana yang paling tepat untuk menurunkan berat badan, namun dr. Johanes merekomendasikan pola diet yang dilakukan oleh National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) di AS. NWCR adalah kumpulan data orang (ada 4000 orang) yang telah berhasil menurunkan berat badan lebih dari 13 kg dan tetap bertahan selama lebih dari 5 tahun. Karateristik pola makannya adalah rendah lemak (24 persen asupan kalori), asupan karbohidrat cukup tinggi, rendah kalori (1300-1500 kcal/hari). Karena kita tidak mungkin mengetahui berapa kalori yang dikandung dalam makanan, dr.Johanes menyarankan untuk mengurangi asupan lebih kecil dari porsi biasa.

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Hipertensi / Darah Tinggi

Apakah penyakit darah tinggi (hipertensi) itu ?
Penyakit hipertensi itu adalah penyakit yang ditandai dengan peningkatan tekanan darah lebih dari atau sama dengan 140 / 90 mmHg, pada tiga kali pengukuran dalam kesempatan yang berbeda.


Apakah tekanan darah itu ?
Tekanan darah yang kita ukur itu ada dua, yaitu bagian atas adalah tekanan pada saat darah dipompa jantung keluar dari jantung dan bagian bawah adalah tekanan darah pada saat jantung habis memompa darah keluar jantung. Tekanan darah itu harus normal dan terkontrol supaya suplai darah ke seluruh jaringan tubuh bisa merata. Bila terlalu tinggi nisa mengakibatkan pembuluh darah pecah dan bila terlalu rendah bisa mengakibatkan supali darah ke jaringan tidak cukup, jaringan tersebut akan mengalami kematian sel dan kehilangan fungsi.

Ada empat faktor yang mempengaruhi, yaitu kemampuan tubuh mengetahui kondisi tekanan darah, fungsi ginjal yang mengatur tekanan darah, jumlah cairan dalam tubuh dan kemampuan pembuluh darah mengatur besar – kecilnya penampang pembuluh darah.

Apakah penyebab hipertensi ?
Ada dua penyebab hipertensi, pertama disebut hipertensi primer, tidak diketahui penyebab yang pasti. Kedua, hipertensi yang disebabkan kondisi lain seperti penyakit ginjal, penyakit pada pembuluh darah, merokok , kegemukan dan lain sebagainya.

Bagaimana mencegah hipertensi ?
Caranya dengan mengurangi faktor risiko seperti kegemukan, konsumsi alkohl, banyak makan garam, merokok dan stres.

Bagaimana tanda dan gejalanya ?
1. Adanya peningkatan tekanan darah
2. Sakit kepala
3. Susah tidur, lemas, mimisan,
4. Pandangan kabur

Bagaimana cara merawatnya di rumah ?
1. Diet,
Kurangi makanan yang berlemak dan mengandung garam. Kurangi minumam alkohol karena bisa meningkatkan tekanan darah dan menghabiskan energi.
2. Olah raga
Olah raga teratur dan bertahap. Hentikan olah raga bila timbul sesak napas, lemas dan nyeri dada dan jantung berdebar-debar.
3. Menangani stres
Belajar relaksasi, meditasi, mendengar musik, belajar mengatasi kecemasan, belajar mengatasi konflik, mendekat pada Tuhan dan berkomunikasi yang baik
4. Pemakaian obat yang teratur
Obat yang sering dipakai adalah obat yang bisa menurunkan tekanan darah dan obat yang mengeluarkan cairan tubuh melalui urine. Hati-hati terhadap dosis obat!

Bagaimana mencegah komplikasi ?
Komplikasi yang bisa terjadi adalah penyakit jantung, stroke dan penyakit ginjal.
1. Rajin kontrol
2. Kurangi kegemukan
3. Mengatasi stres
4. Hindari merokok dan minuman keras
5. Diet rendah garam dan kurangi minuman ber kafein : kopi, coklat

PENGOBATAN TRADISIONAL

1. Satu genggam daun seledri ditumbuk dengan sedikit air, diperas lalu diminum.
2. Dua buah timun dimakan pagi dan sore atau diparut, diperas, diambil airnya diminum pagi dan sore.
3. Dua buah belimbing dimakan pagi dan sore atau diparut diperas diambil airnya diminum pagi dan sore.
4. Sepuluh lembar daun salam direbus dalam dua gelas air sampai air rebusannya tinggal satu gelas, diminum pagi dan sore.
5. Sepuluh lembar daun alpukat direbus dalam 2 gelas air sampai airnya tinggal satu gelas.

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The Danger Behind The Plates

Tableware made of melamine on one side has many advantages, among others:
- Design a diverse and interesting color
- More light, strong, and not easily broken
- Prices are relatively cheap compared to eating utensils made of ceramics
However, on the other hand melamine too dangerous for your health


Behind melamine excellence!
Melamine has the potential to "produce toxic monomers called fomaldehid (formaldehyde):
This is caused by formaldehyde in the melamine compound having depoimerisasi (degradation), in which particles of formaldehyde re-emerged as a monomer, so as to produce toxins. Polymerization is less than perfect also can produce residues, namely monomer, so caught up in melamine material, in addition, melamine is a potential trigger depolymerization. Friction-friction and abrasion to the surface also has the potential to cause loss of melamine formaldehyde particles.
The content of formaldehyde in melamine utensil reaches 4.76 to 9.22 mg / l.
Melamine is a polymer, that is the result of chemical compounds (polymerization) between formal dehid monomer and phenol.

How to test the melamine-containing formalin
1. Test simple Bakara
melamine edge burned with candle for 20 seconds, dibau of formaldehyde gas sting
2. Test boiled for 30 minutes-1 hour-containing melamine formaldehyde will barubah form of twisted, brittle, and melts. Steam boiled it causes stinging eyes, coughing, and nausea

Formaldehyde is a colorless solution with a very piercing odor. In the formalin contained 37% formaldehyde is usually added up to 15% methanol as a preservative

Another name formalin
Formal - methylene-paraforin formic aldehyde-aldehyde-tetraoxymethylene formalith methanal-formoform-superlysoform

Usefulness formalin
- Preservative corpse
- Materials for plywood adhesive
- Additional material on the manufacture of toilet tissue paper
- Preservative cosmetic products
- Preservative insect
- Additional Material urea fertilizer

Formalin for health hazard
- If inhaled: Irritation of the airways, mucus membrane inflammation, burning sensation in, nose and throat, allergic reaction (sneezing / coughing), headache, bronchitis, pneuminia, and astma
- If the skin: Skin color red, feels hot, numbness, damage to skin tissue, skin Movement
- If the skin: Skin color red, feels hot, numbness, damage to skin tissue, hardening of skin
- If the eyes: Irritation, inflammation of the lining of the eye, blurred vision
- If swallowed: Vomiting, diarrhea, stomach irritation, brain dysfunction, and spinal marrow, cell dysfunction
Systemic effects may include CNS depression, coma, seizures, albuminaria, the presence of red blood cells in urine (hemeturia) and metabolic acidosis

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Keunggulan Asi Dan Manfaat Menyusui

Keunggulan dan manfaat menyusui dapat dilihat dari beberapa aspek yaitu: aspek gizi, aspek imunologik, aspek psikologi, aspek kecerdasan, neurologis, ekonomis dan aspek penundaan kehamilan.

1.Aspek Gizi.

Manfaat Kolostrum

·   Kolostrum mengandung zat kekebalan terutama IgA untuk melindungi bayi dari berbagai penyakit infeksi terutama diare.

·   Jumlah kolostrum yang diproduksi bervariasi tergantung dari hisapan bayi pada hari-hari pertama kelahiran. Walaupun sedikit namun cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gizi bayi. Oleh karena itu kolostrum harus diberikan pada bayi.

·   Kolostrum mengandung protein,vitamin A yang tinggi dan mengandung karbohidrat dan lemak rendah, sehingga sesuai dengan kebutuhan gizi bayi pada hari-hari pertama kelahiran.

·   Membantu mengeluarkan mekonium yaitu kotoran bayi yang pertama berwarna hitam kehijauan.

Komposisi ASI

·   ASI mudah dicerna, karena selain mengandung zat gizi yang sesuai, juga mengandung enzim-enzim untuk mencernakan zat-zat gizi yang terdapat dalam ASI tersebut.

·   ASI mengandung zat-zat gizi berkualitas tinggi yang berguna untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kecerdasan bayi/anak.

·   Selain mengandung protein yang tinggi, ASI memiliki perbandingan antara Whei dan Casein yang sesuai untuk bayi. Rasio Whei dengan Casein merupakan salah satu keunggulan ASI dibandingkan dengan susu sapi. ASI mengandung whey lebih banyak yaitu 65:35. Komposisi ini menyebabkan protein ASI lebih mudah diserap. Sedangkan pada susu sapi mempunyai perbandingan Whey :Casein adalah 20 : 80, sehingga tidak mudah diserap.

Komposisi Taurin, DHA dan AA pada ASI

·   Taurin adalah sejenis asam amino kedua yang terbanyak dalam ASI yang berfungsi sebagai neuro-transmitter dan berperan penting untuk proses maturasi sel otak. Percobaan pada binatang menunjukkan bahwa defisiensi taurin akan berakibat terjadinya gangguan pada retina mata.

·   Decosahexanoic Acid (DHA) dan Arachidonic Acid (AA) adalah asam lemak tak jenuh rantai panjang (polyunsaturated fatty acids) yang diperlukan untuk pembentukan sel-sel otak yang optimal. Jumlah DHA dan AA  dalam ASI sangat mencukupi untuk menjamin pertumbuhan dan kecerdasan anak. Disamping itu DHA dan AA dalam tubuh dapat dibentuk/disintesa dari substansi pembentuknya (precursor) yaitu masing-masing dari Omega 3 (asam linolenat) dan Omega 6 (asam linoleat).

2. Aspek Imunologik

·         ASI mengandung zat anti infeksi, bersih dan bebas kontaminasi.

·         Immunoglobulin A (Ig.A) dalam kolostrum atau ASI kadarnya cukup tinggi. Sekretori Ig.A tidak diserap tetapi dapat melumpuhkan bakteri patogen E. coli dan berbagai virus pada saluran pencernaan.

·         Laktoferin yaitu sejenis protein yang merupakan komponen zat kekebalan yang mengikat  zat besi di saluran pencernaan.

·         Lysosim, enzym yang melindungi bayi terhadap bakteri (E. coli dan salmonella) dan virus. Jumlah lysosim dalam ASI 300 kali lebih banyak daripada susu sapi.

·         Sel darah putih pada ASI pada 2 minggu pertama lebih dari 4000 sel per mil. Terdiri dari 3 macam yaitu: Brochus-Asociated Lympocyte Tissue (BALT) antibodi pernafasan, Gut Asociated Lympocyte Tissue (GALT) antibodi  saluran pernafasan, dan Mammary Asociated Lympocyte Tissue (MALT) antibodi jaringan payudara ibu.

·         Faktor bifidus, sejenis karbohidrat yang mengandung nitrogen, menunjang pertumbuhan bakteri lactobacillus bifidus. Bakteri ini menjaga keasaman flora usus bayi dan berguna untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri yang merugikan.

3. Aspek Psikologik

·         Rasa percaya diri ibu untuk menyusui : bahwa ibu mampu menyusui dengan produksi ASI yang mencukupi untuk bayi. Menyusui dipengaruhi oleh emosi ibu dan kasih saying terhadap bayi akan meningkatkan produksi hormon terutama oksitosin yang pada akhirnya akan meningkatkan produksi ASI.

·         Interaksi Ibu dan Bayi: Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan psikologik bayi tergantung pada kesatuan ibu-bayi tersebut.

·         Pengaruh kontak langsung ibu-bayi : ikatan kasih sayang ibu-bayi terjadi karena berbagai rangsangan seperti sentuhan kulit (skin to skin contact). Bayi akan merasa aman dan puas karena bayi merasakan kehangatan tubuh ibu dan mendengar denyut jantung ibu yang sudah dikenal sejak bayi masih dalam rahim.

4. Aspek Kecerdasan

·         Interaksi ibu-bayi dan kandungan nilai gizi ASI sangat dibutuhkan untuk perkembangan system syaraf otak yang dapat meningkatkan kecerdasan bayi.

·         Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa IQ pada bayi yang diberi ASI memiliki IQ point 4.3 point lebih tinggi pada usia 18 bulan, 4-6 point lebih tinggi pada usia 3 tahun, dan 8.3 point lebih tinggi pada usia 8.5 tahun, dibandingkan dengan bayi yang tidak diberi ASI.

5. Aspek Neurologis

·         Dengan menghisap payudara, koordinasi syaraf menelan, menghisap dan bernafas yang terjadi pada bayi baru lahir dapat lebih sempurna.

6. Aspek Ekonomis

·         Dengan menyusui secara eksklusif, ibu tidak perlu mengeluarkan biaya untuk makanan bayi sampai bayi berumur 4 bulan. Dengan demikian akan menghemat pengeluaran rumah tangga untuk membeli susu formula dan peralatannya.

7. Aspek Penundaan Kehamilan

·         Dengan menyusui secara eksklusif dapat menunda haid dan kehamilan, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai alat kontrasepsi alamiah yang secara umum dikenal sebagai Metode Amenorea Laktasi (MAL).

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Jangan Abaikan Kesehatan Lingkungan

KAJIAN tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup terhadap kondisi kesehatan lingkungan belum banyak dilakukan. Kebanyakan kajian dilakukan mengenai implikasi ini terhadap migas dan sumber daya alam (kajian ekonomi sumber daya) dan kajian ilmu lingkungan itu sendiri.


Kesehatan lingkungan sebagai bagian dari disiplin ilmu kesehatan masyarakat sebenarnya memiliki relevansi tersendiri. Mengutip Notoatmodjo (2003), kesehatan lingkungan pada hakikatnya adalah suatu kondisi atau keadaan lingkungan yang optimum sehingga berpengaruh positif terhadap terwujudan status kesehatan yang optimum pula. Ruang lingkup kesehatan lingkungan tersebut, antara lain mencakup penyediaan air bersih, pembuangan sampah, pembuangan air kotor (limbah), pembuangan kotoran manusia (tinja), dan sebagainya. Sementara usaha kesehatan lingkungan adalah suatu usaha untuk memperbaiki atau mengoptimalkan lingkungan hidup manusia agar merupakan media yang baik untuk terwujudnya kesehatan yang optimum bagi manusia yang hidup didalamnya.


Dari segi keilmuan, ilmu kesehatan masyarakat sangat berhubungan erat dengan ilmu lingkungan, khususnya ilmu kesehatan lingkungan (environment health science) dengan obyek ilmu yang sama pada masalah pengolahan air limbah. Soeparman (2002) menyebutkan air limbah merupakan sisa dari hasil aktifitas yang dilakukan manusia sebagai makhluk hidup, individu maupun makhluk sosial. Kehidupan manusia yang dominan dan menentukan terjadinya perubahan dari berbagai aspek kehidupan, sedang lingkungannya dituntut untuk memenuhi berbagai kebutuhan hidupnya. Beberapa penyakit yang ditimbulkan oleh pembuangan sampah dan air limbah yang kurang baik serta lingkungan yang tidak sehat dan sanitasi yang kurang baik, di antaranya adalah: diare, demam berdarah, disentri, hepatitis A, kolera, tiphus, cacingan, dan malaria.

PENGGUNAAN PESTISIDA YANG BERLEBIHAN

Pestisida juga akan mencemari tanah jika digunakan secara berlebihan. Pemberian pestisida yang berlebihan akan membuat hewan yang menguntungkan ikut mati. Jika terbawa aliran air sampai ke sungai, akan mencemari air sungai.

PEMAKAIAN PUPUK YANG BERLEBIHAN

Pemberian pupuk tanah, jika tidak sesuai dengan ukuran yang tepat, akan mencemari tanah. Tanah menjadi asam dan mematikan tumbuhan dan hewan yang ada di sekitarnya.

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Balanced Nutrition For Pregnant Woman

NEEDS nutrients increased during PREGNANT. However, not all nutrient requirements increase proportionately. Example: nutritional needs during pregnancy triples, while demand increased by 10% Vitamin B12


SOME THINGS WHICH IMPORTANT NOTE:
1. ACTUAL needs during pregnancy vary among individuals and is influenced by previous nutritional status and health history, including chronic disease, twin pregnancies and spacing pregnancies meeting
2. The need for a single nutrient can be disturbed by other foods. For example: mothers who do not meet caloric needs will require a larger amount of protein
3. The nutritional requirements is not constant over the course of pregnancy. Nutrient needs little change during TRIMESTER 1 and at most during TRIMESTER 3

NUTRITIONAL NEEDS OF PREGNANT WOMEN

PURPOSE:
1. Maintaining the health of mother during pregnancy and childbirth
2. Meet the nutritional needs of mother and fetus
3. Preparing for your baby's nutritional reserves some time after birth
4. Preparations for the production of BMS


PRINCIPLES
1. Eating and drinking = when not pregnant
2. Many eat food sources of iron, for example: tempeh, tofu, liver, beans, meat, fish
3. Many eat food sources of calcium, for example: spinach, katuk leaves, cassava leaves, milk, cheese
4. When appetite is reduced, the consumption of fresh foods, for example: fruit, fruit juice, vegetable clear
5. Small portions but frequently
6. Avoiding foods that stimulate, for example: smoking, alcohol, durian, meat goat
7. Using iodized salt, iron tablets 1 point / day for 90 days

ENERGY
CALORIE needs increased with the addition of ± 285 calories / day or 14% from before pregnancy because of increased basal metabolic rate and the addition of Weight Loss.
Energy used for:
1. Concept
2. Metabolism
3. Increased oxygen consumption

PROTEIN
The addition of 12 grams / day or 1.3 g / kg = Weight Loss / day or 12% of their pre-pregnancy = high biological value
Protein is used to:
1. Fetal Growth
2. Activities of estrogen and progesterone
3. Addition of blood volume, plasma proteins, amniotic fluid
4. Uterus and breast enlargement

IRON (Fe)
Addition of 200-300% from pre-pregnancy
Fe is used for:
1. For fetal growth
2. The formation of red blood cells and placental
3. Inventories Fe childbirth
Examples: animal, milk, green vegetables, nuts

Folic Acid
The addition of ± 10% or 2x of prior pregnant
As. Folate is used to:
1. Red blood cell maturation
2. Cell growth
3. DNA Synthesis

Women who consume adequate amount of folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy reduce the risk of a baby with a neural tubal defects (eg: Spina bifida, anensefali). Foods rich in natural form of folic acid: orange juice, leafy greens, broccoli, asparagus

VITAMIN B12
3 mg / day
Vit. B12 is used for:
1. Prevent the occurrence of anemia and premature babies
2. Fetal Growth
3. Saving mothers

VITAMIN D
5-10 mg / hr
Together with Ca and P, Vit. D
used to:
1. Formation of fetal bones and teeth pd
2. Increased metabolism Examples: milk

Iodine
200 mg / day
Iodine is used to:
1. Increased production of the hormone thyroxine
2. Increased metabolism

CALCIUM
Addition ± 400 mg / day
Calcium is used for:
1. The growth of bone and teeth
2. Regulate cell function and hormones, eg milk, fish, cheese, shrimp, Ca supplement

If adequate calcium intake before pregnancy, the amount consumed do not need to rise. However, 1300 mg / day of calcium is recommended for TEENS PREGNANT. Mothers who do not consume enough calcium from foods require CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS

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How to Treat Allergic Disease In Children

Learn about the symptoms, causes and treatment of allergies in children, including the suspect when coughing, sneezing or runny nose may be more than the cold. Spring and summer months bring with them not only warm temperatures and beautiful flowers, but they often invite seasonal allergies into millions of American life.


Meanwhile, itchy eyes, runny nose and cough are not pleasant for anyone, they can be very frustrating for young children, who can not understand how they feel. It can be equally challenging for their parents who are not sure how to diagnose allergies and may not know how to treat them.

When and How to Develop Children Allergies

According to Dr Paul, the tendency to develop allergies is hereditary. If both parents have allergies, there is a 75-80 percent chance that their children will develop allergies. If one parent is allergic, then the possibility of allergies developing in his / her child is about 40%.

Usually children develop seasonal allergies for about five or six years-old, but may show signs at the beginning of the year. Most seasonal allergies are caused by airborne pollen According to Medical News Today, the number one ranked website health and medical news on Google and Yahoo, for the most part, seasonal allergies caused by pollen in the air, a very fine powder released by trees, grasses and weeds as they pollinate and fertilize crops Another of the same type. Matter in free air can also contribute to seasonal allergies. Summer / Seasonal Allergy Symptoms Fall into One of Three Major Groups Summer / seasonal allergy symptoms can be broken down into three main groups, according to Dr. Paul sheet of facts about allergies in children
1. nose nose: runny or stiff, itchy nose, itchy palate (the top of the mouth), frequent sneezing
2. eye symptoms: redness, itching and / or watery eyes. Sometimes these symptoms make the child very uncomfortable.
3. Asthma: Symptoms include wheezing, coughing and / or difficulty breathing

When to Suspect Common Cold vs. Allergies
According to Westwood-Mansfield Associates Children, parents should suspect allergies in their children if:

1. a child has long been a cold (lasted more than 14-18 days) in spring
2. child has itchy red eyes with a very small discharge
3. there is a strong family history of allergy
4. there are a lot of sneezing or coughing prolonged morning with a sore throat

Prescription Allergy Treatment vs. Non-Prescription for Young Children

Many pediatricians recommend non-prescription oral medication for the nose and eyes, like Zyrtec or Claritin (or their generics). This is a non-soothing antihistamine given once a day, and is available as a pill, pill or liquid dissolveable.

Note that the dose listed on the packaging. Claritin (loratadine) is FDA approved for up to two years. Zyrtec (Cetirizine) is approved for use on all the parents from the age of six months.
Non-prescription eye drops such as Zaditor (ketotifen or generic) is effective for mangaement itchy eyes, according to Westwood-Mansfield Associates Child, who recently emailed to patient treatment guidelines.
There are also prescription nasal sprays such as Flonase (fluticasone) or others (Nasonex, Rhinocort, etc.) that reduces inflammation in the nose caused by inhaling pollen.

No matter which treatment option is selected, parents must always give their children the hand towel when they are outdoors, showing them how to remove pollen from their hands before they rub their eyes.
Treatment Using Allergy Symptoms Before Start

All these drugs work best if they begin one to two weeks before the child's allergy season. Note that a child must come to their pediatrician's office if their condition has not improved after taking medication for two weeks.
Non-Drug Remedies for Seasonal Allergies

Medical News Today offers the following tips to help to prevent allergies before they start or become worse:

1. Keep doors and windows closed to help prevent pollens and molds outside the entrance.
2. Limit outdoor activity, especially in the morning. Avoid outdoor exercise especially when the amount of pollen is high, or on windy days when pollen and mold being blown about.
3. When traveling by car, keep the windows to help prevent pollen, dust and mold.
4. Shower and change clothes to avoid lasting effects collect pollen on your clothes and hair.

Seasonal allergies can be controlled

While in the middle of spring and summer months, seasonal allergies may seem endless and excruciating for parents and children, but they are temporary. With a little perseverance, some advance preparation and a lot of patience, both young and old can reduce allergy symptoms and enjoy a lifestyle that is beyond happy and healthy.

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Health

Health is a prosperous state of body, soul, and the social that allows every person to live a socially and economically productive. Health care is an effort to combating and prevention of health problems that require examination, treatment and / or treatment, including pregnancy and childbirth.

Health education is the process of helping someone, by acting individually or collectively, to make decisions based on knowledge about things that affect their personal health and others. An even simpler definition proposed by Larry Green and his colleagues who wrote that health education is a combination of learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary adaptations of behavior conducive to health. Recent data show that currently more than 80 percent of Indonesian people are not able to get health insurance from the institution or company in the field of health care, such as Access, Taspen, and Social Security.

Group of people who are considered 'teranaktirikan' in terms of health insurance are those from small community groups and traders. In health care, this problem becomes more complicated, since in the management of health services not only related to some groups of people, but also the special nature of health care itself

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Recognize the Signs of Labor

Although the birth process is different on every woman but the signs of labor are the same. By knowing the signs of labor you will understand when it is appropriate to go to the hospital and what can be done if the signs are there in your labor.



Signs of labor:

Mucus mixed with blood

Expenditure mucus mixed with blood. Occurs due to blockage of the thick cervical mucus despite causing a reddish color because of mixed blood.

What to do:
Expenditure of blood and mucus may occur several days before delivery, so wait until you get regular contractions or rupture of amniotic fluid, before you go to the hospital.
You should contact your doctor if there is severe bleeding.

Rupture of amniotic sac Water

The amniotic sac that surrounds the baby breaks so that the amniotic fluid out (Normal amniotic fluid is a liquid that is clean, clear and odorless.)

What to do:
Contact your doctor immediately to the hospital, even if you do not feel the contractions, because it becomes the risk of infection. While the journey can use a sanitary napkin to absorb your amniotic fluid.


Contraction of the Organized

Unlike Braxton Hick contractions, contractions occur regularly, at first contraction for a short while and then grow old and growing stronger, and contraction occurs symmetrically on both sides starting from the upper stomach near the oviduct throughout the uterus, and the pain does not disappear / less with rest or persuasion.

What to do:
When the contraction appears regularly, begin to calculate the time.
Record the length of time between a contraction with contraction follows, and duration of the contraction lasts. Delivery only occurs when contractions become closer another 40 seconds between contractions. First deliveries will take place 12-14 hours so you better wait at home while at rest to collect energy for labor. So if your contractions are every 5 minutes once or very sick you can go to the hospital. Do not forget to bring a bag that you have prepared.

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Definition Epidemiology

1. Origin said:
Epi: on, above, superficial, overwrite
Demo: population, human, people
Ology: the science of learning
2. Epidemiology is the science which studies the things that befall humans.
3. Epidemiology is the science that studies the distribution and frequency of disease in populations and faktor-
Faktor/determinan that affect the distribution and frequency.
4. The study is the frequency and distribution of the determinants of disease in populations.
5. Epidemiology is the science that studies the frequency and distribution as well as deteminan of health status or the events associated with health status in a population and the application of this science is used to control health problems.

MAIN OBJECTIVES Epidemiology

Identifying groups at a population that have a high risk of a disease (High risk group). Can identify factors or characteristics of the group.

EPIDEMIOLGI APPROACH

is a way how an epidemiological identify movement or the cause of a disease.

SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF Epidemiology

1. To identify the etiology or movement of a disease and risk factors, ie factors that increase the risk of something to get the disease.
2. To determine the effect of disease on society:
- As a burden on the community
- Input for planning the provision of health care facilities
3. To study the natural history of disease and prognosis of a disease, certain diseases more serious than other diseases. Some quick legih disease cause death than other diseases
4. To evaluate preventive measures and treatment and the ways health services are offered.
5. To control health problems.


THE CONCEPT OF DISEASE PREVENTION

• If the risk groups have been identified, then prevention efforts can be made directly at risk groups, eg by screening.
• If risk factors have been identified, it can be done modifications to these risk factors, thus preventing the occurrence of disease, eg diet with high fat diet was changed to a diet with fiber foods.

Focus of observation:

• Medical clinic patients, people, individual
• Epidemiology Group of individuals

Field of science that requires epidemiological

1. Medical clinics: info about the diagnosis of disease.
2. Biology: info about the nature, characteristics, sources, modes of transmission of disease agents.
3. Chemistry and Physics: info about the hazardous substances or conditions that are hazardous to health.
4. Demographics: info about the composition and characteristics of community
5. Anthropology and Sociology: info about the habits, customs and social character of the community.
6. Genetics and Psychology: info about the nature of genetic and psychological conditions.
7. Statitik and biostatistics: info about the birth, morbidity and mortality in populations and individuals
8. Meteorology: info on air and climate of a region

NATURE OF SCIENCE Epidemiology

1. Descriptive: frequency, distribution
2. Analytical: hypotheses to be tested
3. Constructive: combining some results of research into a concept or a new theory.

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Medical Anthropology

Medical anthropology is a discipline that gives attention to aspects of biological and socio-culture of human behavior, especially about the ways of interaction between the two throughout the history of human life, which affect health and disease in humans.


Anthropology of health assist the socio-cultural study of all the people associated with the sick and healthy as a center of culture, including:
1. Diseases associated with trust (misfortunes)
2. In some societies the misfortunes caused by supernatural forces and the supernatural, or witches
3. Group 'healers' are found with different forms in each community group
4. Healers have a role as a healer
5. The attention to an existence of 'sick' or 'disease' is not an individual, especially the "illness and sickness" in the family or community.

There are a number of science related to anthropology and contribute to each other contribute to the development of other sciences. For example in the fields of biology, medical anthropology describes the techniques and discoveries of medical sciences and its variations, including microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, parasitology, pathology, nutrition, and epidemiology.

This makes it possible to link the biological changes that obtained using the technique of social factors and culture in a particular society. Examples: albinism hereditary disease in an area in East Nusa Tenggara is transmitted through a recessive gene for marriage between family members.

In general, medical anthropology continues to contribute to other health sciences as follows:
1. Provide a way to look at society as a whole, including individual. Where is the proper perspective will be able to contribute right in improving the welfare of a society with still relies on the roots of personality that builds community. Examples of systems approach, holistic, emic, relativism, which became the rationale for anthropology can be used to help solve community problems and develop the situation for the better.
2. Provide a model that is operationally useful to describe the process of socio-cultural field of health.
3. Donations towards research and research methods. Both in formulating an appropriate approach as well as assist the analysis and interpretation of the results of a condition in the community.

Culture

In the context of a school or class-cultural theory that major effects in the study of anthropology, or known as "Ideasionalisme" (ideationalism) (Keesing, 1981; Sathe, 1985) in the study of health in particular.

Goodenough argued that culture is a cognitive system-a system that consists of knowledge, beliefs, and values that are in the minds of individual members of society. This means that the culture was in "the ideational order of reality." Or culture is a mental equipment by members of the community used in the processes of orientation, deals, meetings, formulation of ideas, classification, and interpretation of social behavior evident in the community. Thus the guidelines for community members to behave in socially good / decent and as interpretation for the behavior of others.

The same is also suggested by Sathe (1985:10) that culture is the ideas and important assumptions owned a society that determines or affects communication, justification, and the behavior of its members (Kalangie ,1994:1-2).

Public Health Nursing

Community Health Care is a nursing service which is an integral part of health care performed by nurses, by involving other health care team and the community to obtain a higher level of health of individuals, families and communities. (MOH, 1986).

According to the WHO in 1974, public health care is a unique unity of prakyek nursing and public health aimed at the development and improvement of the health of both themselves as individuals collectively as keliuarga maupus, a special group of people, this service memcakup spectrum of health services to the community.

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Parasitic Worms Reduce Child Intelligence

Worms is a contagious disease and is often considered a disease or illness grubby lower socioeconomic groups. Disease caused by a humid tropical climate, high population density, poor sanitation, excreta used as fertilizer in the garden, soil conditions, and lack of public knowledge was found to reduce children's intelligence.


Intelligence of children of this decline occurred because the worms damage the mucosa (wall) intestine and takes nutrients from food so that children can have food absorption problems and even malnutrition. Due to the lack of nutritional intake in children would interfere with the development of body cells including brain cells. And in the end result does not develop children's intelligence, even declining.

Worms can affect anyone, but if the disease is attacking the children, then the child will experience weak, tired, lethargic, lax and loose (5L). Affected children worms will also become very vulnerable illness, hepatitis, myopic eyes, malnutrition, and decreased level of intelligence. Symptoms most often appear in young worms are digestive problems such as poor appetite, nausea, diarrhea, difficult bowel movements, weight loss and decreased intelligence of children. And anemia, tuberculosis, and malaria is a disease that could arise due to worms.

Intestinal worms in children can be caused by various types of hookworm (Ascaris lumbriocoides, Neactur smericanus, Ancylotomaduodenale), roundworms, whip worms (Truchuris trichiura), and several other types of worms. According to the survey, 60-80% of Indonesia's population affected by worms and 90% of them are elementary school children. Therefore, it is very important to teach children how to live clean, for example by requiring washing hands before eating and drinking.

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Worms Disease

Do you know what percentage of children in Indonesia who became ill worms? Apparently 90% of children in Indonesia suffer from intestinal worms. Worm disease is often considered a trivial disease, however, the impact this disease can be fatal especially if the affected are children who are small and vulnerable to disease.


Worms is a typical disease of tropical regions most severe infection occurs during the rainy season. With environmental sanitation is poor or due to floods, overflowing rivers and ditches, eventually larvae - larvae of the worm spread to many places that are likely to come into contact with humans.

Worm larvae into the human body through direct contact, like children who play without the use of footwear in the regions of the former flow of flood or overflow of water channels. In addition, worms can also spread disease through food contaminated by worm larvae.

Larval worms usually will not hatch while not enter the human body. These larvae can live for weeks have not found anywhere though its host. Only after the larvae enter the human body, it will hatch in the intestine and eat foods that are digested by humans. So that the intestine can not absorb food because it was "hijacked" by the worm first. This has resulted in the human body becomes weak, thin, and lowered body resistance to other diseases began attacking. In addition, if left too long someone infected worms, it is feared may have physical and intellectual weakness. Additionally, worms can also cause nutritional problems and anemia.

So start a clean life for you and your family of worms are not attacked by the disease, because disease does not recognize adults and children alike.

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Asthma Disease

A. UNDERSTANDING
Asthma is a disease marked hypersensitivity trakeabronkial branches of various types of stimuli these circumstances lead to narrowing of airways due to periodic and reversible bronchospasm (brokus disease)

B. DIVISION OF ASTHMA AND CAUSED
Asthma can be divided into 3 categories
1. Ftg ekstrisik asthma or allergic
cause of allergic asthma is an inhaled allergen sensitivity as fluff pads or unfortunately animal foods like milk and chocolate (often occurs in children)
2. Intrinsic Asthma
Intrinsic or idiopathic asthma often occur in the age after 40 years.
The cause is often caused by physical activity. Emotions and nutrition
3. Asthma mix
Is asthma interinsik and esktrinsik and most attacking clients. The cause of asthma Intrinsic asthma is often a mixture, whereas extrinsic asthma in children can be cured at the age of young adults.


C. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
After the client exposed to allergens will arise:
1. Dipsnea: there is a shortness of breath are infected and there is no
2. felt suffocated and had to stand up or sit down and try to breathe
3. arise wheezing sound (moving) / wheezing.

D. ASTHMA TREATMENT
Treatment of asthma can be divided as follows:
1. Therapy with drugs was carried out by the physician handling

2. Actions that are not typical
a. protection / prevention of air pollution sudden weather changes, air humidity
b. improve the home environment, especially the bed
c. do not smoke
d. maintaining emotional stability
e. Avoiding drugs that affect asthma, for example sedatifa and tranguilizer morphine and beta blockers

3. Typical action
a. if known to cause asthma allergens so avoid things that cause allergies
b. asmatikus status is the cause of asthma that can not be overcome by epineprin / aminophilin specifically for asthma is handed over to the authorities / doctor

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Epilepsy Papers

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

 A. Background

Epilepsy is defined as a syndrome characterized by impaired brain function are temporary and paroxysmal, which gives the manifestation of disorder, or loss of consciousness, impaired motor, sensory, psychological, and autonomous systems, and is episodic. Cognitive memory deficits are a problem most often occurs in pederita epilepsy.


Every person has a risk of one in 50 to get epilepsy. Drug users and alcohol drinkers had a higher risk. Narcotic users may get a first seizure due to use of narcotics, but then may continue to have seizures despite being separated from narkotik.Di UK, one person among the 131 people suffering from epilepsy.

Epilepsy can affect children, adults, parents and even newborn babies. The incidence of epilepsy is higher in men than in women, ie 1-3% of the population will suffer from epilepsy for life. In the United States, one in 100 population (1%) population susceptible to epileptic seizures, and approximately 2.5 million of whom have undergone treatment in the last five years. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 50 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy (2004 Epilepsy.com.)

CHAPTER II
Reader Reviews

A. Definition
Epilepsy that is difficult to control medically or pharmacoresistant, because the majority of patients with epilepsy is resistant, most often attacked in advance of the head. Drugs that can soothe antiepileptik the standard. Related to biomolekular base complex. Headache attack is very difficult to be treated by pharmacological, although already in an optimal antiepileptic drug is given, about 30-40% of epilepsy patients are infected, patients usually perform surgery to relieve pain temporarily. But the symptoms of epilepsy will occur occasionally, because epilepsy is difficult to remove the head pain that attack.

B. Risk Factors
Epilepsy can affect children, adults, parents and even newborn babies. The incidence of epilepsy is higher in men than in women, ie 1-3% of the population will suffer from epilepsy for life. In the United States, one in 100 population (1%) population susceptible to epileptic seizures, and approximately 2.5 million of whom have undergone treatment in the last five years. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 50 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy (2004 Epilepsy.com.)

C. Epidemiology
Basically everyone can have epilepsy. Every person has a brain with each generation threshold is more resistant or less resistant to the emergence of resurrection. In addition, the cause of epilepsy is quite diverse: brain injury, poisoning, stroke, infection, parasitic infestation, a brain tumor. Epilepsy can occur in males and females, any age, and race whatever. The number of people with epilepsy include 1-2% of the population. In general, shows the incidence of epilepsy showed bimodal pattern: the peak incidence in the group there are children and elderly.

D. Etiology
Etiologic factors affect the determination of prognosis. The main cause, is idopatik epilepsy, remote symptomatic epilepsy (RSE), acute symptomatic epilepsy, and epilepsy in children based on brain damage at the time of peri-or antenatal. Within these classifications there are two prominent types of epilepsy, epilepsy is idiopathic and RSE. From these two there are many different etiologies and syndromes, each with a good prognosis and bad.

Symptomatic epilepsy based on brain tissue damage was evident on CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and no apparent brain damage but against a background of antenatal or perinatal problems with obvious neurologic deficit. Meanwhile, the view of the possibility of re-generation of post-awitan.

The definition of neurologic in relation to the age when awitan have predictive value as follows:
• If at the time of birth, the neurologic deficit has occurred within the first 12 months the whole case will have re-generation,
• If the neurologic deficit occurs when the risk of postpartum re-generation is 75% in the first 12 months and 85% in the first 36 months. In addition, the first generation that occurs during acute brain disorder will have a risk of 40% in the first 12 months and 36 months for the occurrence of re-awakening. Overall the risk for re-generation is not constant. Most cases showed re-generation within the first 6 months.

E. Pathogenesis
The nervous system is a communication network (communication network). The brain communicates with the organs of the body through nerve cells (neurons). In normal conditions, nerve impulses from the brain electrically will be brought neurotransmitters such as GABA (gamma-aminobutiric acid) and glutamate by nerve cells (neurons) to the organs of the body. Causative factors of epilepsy in this system interfere, causing power imbalance in nerve cells and cause seizures that are characteristic of epilepsy.

Factors trigger epilepsy:
• Pressure,
• Lack of sleep or breaks,
• Sensitive to bright light (photo sensitive), and
• Drinking alcohol.

F. Diagnosis
Evaluation of patients with paroxysmal nature of symptoms, especially with an unknown factor, requires specialized knowledge and skills to explore and discover relevant data. The diagnosis of epilepsy was based on anamnesis and clinical examination combined with the results of EEG and radiologis.penderita or their parents need to be asked to testimony about the history of epilepsy the family. Then proceed with multiple checks, among others:

• Physical Examination
This examination is sifting the causes of generation by using the age and history of the disease as a handle. On auscultation elderly neck region is important to detect vascular disease. In children, judging by the slow growth, sebaceous adenoma (tuberous sclerosis), and organomegali (srorage disease).

• Electro-ensefalograf
EEG patterns in epilepsy may help to determine the type and location of generation. Epileptiform wave comes from the spark paroxysmal sourced on a group of neurons that have a synchronous depolarization. Overview of the recorded EEG epileptiform anatarcetusan appeared and stopped abruptly, often with a distinctive morphology.

• Examination of the brain imaging
MRI aims to look at brain structure and complete EEG data. Useful to compare the right and left hippocampus. One also can identify abnormalities of brain growth, the tumors are small, certain vascular malformations, and diseases of demyelination.
Differential Diagnosis

• Genesis paroxysmal
Differential diagnosis for paroxysmal events that are included sinkrop, migraine, TIA (TransientIschaemic Attack), periodic paralysis, gastrointestinal disorders, disorders of movement and breath holding spells. This diagnosis is fundamental.

• simple partial epilepsy
Diagnosis includes TIA, migraine, hyperventilation, tics, mioklonus, and spasmus hemifasialis. TIAs can occur with sensory symptoms are distinguished from simple partial epilepsy. Both paroksimal, generation may be losing sight for a moment, and experience of elderly patients.

• complex partial epilepsy
Differential diagnosis is related to the level of loss of consciousness, ranging from drop attacks through behavior patterns that rumit.secara common diagnoses include sinkrop, migraine, sleep disorders, non-epileptic attack, narcolepsy, metabolic disorders and transient global amnesia.

G. Management
Once the diagnosis is established, the therapeutic actions are maintained. All people who suffer from epilepsy, both idiopathic and non-idiopathic, but the underlying pathological process is progressive not active as cerebral tumor, should receive medicinal therapy. Drug choice for eradication of epileptic attacks of any kind, other than petit mal, is luminal or phenytoin. To determine the dose must be known luminal patients' age, type epilepsinya, frequency of attacks and when the doctors treated another. Doses of drugs being used. For children luminal dose is 3-5 mg / kg / BW / day, while adults do not need a dose of it. Adults need 60 to 120 mg / day. Dose of phenytoin (Dilatin, Parke Davis) for children is 5 mg / kg / BW / day for adults and 5-15 mg / kg / BW / day. Effects phenytoin 5 mg / kg / BW / day (approximately 300 mg daily) had seen in five days. So if the direct effect to be achieved at doses of 15 mg / kg / BW / day (approximately 800 mg / day) should be used.

Anticonvulsant effect can be assessed on the 'follow up'. Patients with common assault frequency of 3 times a week is much easier to treat compared with patients who have a frequency of 3 times a year. On the visit of 'follow up' to be reported good results, bad or that can not be judged good or bad because of the frequency of attacks before and during the new therapy is still about the same. When the frequency is reduced by appeal, the doses being used needs to be increased slightly. When frekuensinay fixed, but the attack epileptic patients assessed by their parents or people with epileptic Jackson motor / sensory / 'march' as 'light' or 'much lighter', then the doses used may be continued or increased slightly. If the result is bad, the dose should be increased or added to other anticonvulsants.
Therapy Treatment of Epilepsy:

The first drug most commonly used:
(Such as: sodium valporat, phenobarbital and phenytoin)
• It is recommended for people with epilepsy new
• These medications will give side effects such as gum swelling, dizziness, acne and body fur (Hirsutisma), swollen seed kelenjardan osteomalakia.

The second drug commonly used: (such as lamotrigine, tiagabin, and gabapetin)
• If there is no change in the patient's head after the first drug use, the drug will be added with the second drug.
• Lamotrigine has been released as the first drug in Malaysia.
• New drugs are introduced do not have side effects, especially in terms of disability during birth.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Epilepsy is a disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by the occurrence of resurrection (seizure, fit, attact, spell) a spontaneous (unprovoked) and periodic. Generation can be interpreted as a modification of brain function that are sudden and quick, which is derived from a large group of brain cells, is singkron and rhythmic. The rise of epilepsy occurs when the excitation processes in the brain is more dominant than the inhibition process.

Every person has a risk of one in 50 to get epilepsy. Drug users and alcohol drinkers had a higher risk. Narcotic users may get a first seizure due to use of narcotics, but then may continue to have seizures despite being separated from the narcotic. Generally epilepsy may be caused by brain damage in the process of birth, head injury, stroke, brain tumors, alcohol. Sometimes epilepsy may also be due to genetic, hereditary disease but not epilepsy. But the exact cause remains unknown.

References

- Harsono.2007.Epilepsi, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta
- Sidhartha, Priguna M.D., Ph. D.1999. Clinical Neurology in general practice, Dian Rakyat, Jakarta.
- Http / / epilepsi.web. / / Www.google.co.id//2009

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How to Cope with Epilepsy Disease Symptoms

What is epilepsy? What causes epilepsy? definition of epilepsy? and how to overcome the symptoms of epilepsy itself.

Epilepsy, derived from the Greek (Epilepsia), which means 'attack'. Please note, epilepsy is not contagious, not a hereditary disease, and not identical with the people who experience mental ketebelakangan. In fact, many people with epilepsy who suffer from epilepsy without a known cause.


Causes of Epilepsy

Our brain consists of millions of nerve cells (neurons), in charge of coordinating all activities of our body including feeling, seeing, thinking, moving the (muscle).

In people with epilepsy, sometimes these signals, do not move properly. This can be caused by various factors, among others; head trauma (head region had experienced an injury), brain tumors, and so forth.

Generally epilepsy may be caused by brain damage in the process of birth, head injury, stroke, brain tumors, alcohol. Sometimes epilepsy may also be due to genetic, hereditary disease but not epilepsy. But the exact cause remains unknown.

Diagnosis

Hippocrates was the first to successfully identify the symptoms of epilepsy as a problem in the brain, evil spirits, and so forth. A person may otherwise suffer from epilepsy if that person has at least had seizures that are not caused by alcohol and blood pressure is very low. The tools that are used normally are:
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Using a powerful magnet to earn a picture of the body / brain someone. Not using X-Ray. MRI is more sensitive dripada CT-Scan.
- EEG (Electro Encephalo Graphy) tool to check the brain waves.

How to overcome the symptoms of epilepsy

Up to now unknown drug that truly efficacious to cure epilepsy. The most important effort is to eliminate first the causes which can lead to epileptic attacks, such as the remnants of syphilis, hardened arteries, brain diseases, alcohol poisoning, the worms in the stomach and others. To attempt to reduce epileptic attacks occur and minimize the dangers to people with epilepsy are among others:

1. The patient should keep in daily life, body and thoughts do not be too heavy in the work so as not to become tired. Do not allowed the patient to drink alcohol, coffee or tea is dense and not too much to eat meat. The patient should have a lot to eat vegetables and get enough rest and try to defecate regularly.

2. The patients do not in allowed to perform acts that if something can be dangerous to himself like climbing trees or ladders, climbing the narrow bridge, standing alongside a river or pond or a fire, swimming, cycling, walking alone in a big way and was standing near the machine that was spinning and other forth. Because it all, endanger the patient if the seizure was a relapse.

3. If looking for signs that the patient will be stricken with apoplexy, the command that he swallows 1 or 2 teaspoons of salt and inhaling the smell of garlic that have been finely ground. And also feet and hands may also be tied tightly, may wear a cloth or a large rope. In that way, usually epileptic attack can be avoided.

4. If the patient has fallen unconscious, let laid back and his clothes slightly loosened, if necessary on the sidelines of the upper and lower teeth to enter a clean cloth that has been folded or spoon, to avoid being bitten tongue and allow it until he regained consciousness.

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Definition of Allergy

Allergy refers to the exaggerated reaction by our immune system in response to body contact with certain foreign substances. Exaggerated because these foreign substances are generally regarded by the body as sessuatu that does not harm and does not occur in response to people who are not allergic. The bodies of people who are allergic to recognize foreign material and part of the immune system is activated. Allergy ingredients called "allergens." Examples of allergens include pollen, dust mites, molds, and foods. To understand the language of allergy is very important to remember that allergens are substances foreign to the body and can cause allergic reactions in certain people.


When the allergen in contact with the body, he causes the immune system to develop allergic reactions in people who are allergic to it. When you do not react according to the allergens that are generally not dangerous to other people, you have an allergic reaction and can be referred to as allergic or atopic. By karananya, people who tend to have the allergy is called allergic or atopic.

Austria pediatrician named Clemens Pirquet (1874-1929) first used the term allergy. He referred to both immunity is beneficial and harmful as an allergic hypersensitivity. The word allergy comes from the Greek words "allos," meaning different or changed and "ergos" meaning work or action. Allergies in general are referred to as "the reaction has changed". The word allergy was first used in 1905 to describe the adverse reactions of the children given repeated injections of horse serum to fight infection. The following year, the term allergy is proposed to explain the reactivity of these unexpected changes.

Allergy Facts

* It is estimated that some 50 million Americans affected by allergic conditions.
* The cost of allergies in America is more than $ 10 billion each year.
* Allergic rhinitis (nasal allergies) affects about 35 million Americans, 6 million of whom are children.
* Asthma affects 15 million Americans, 5 million of whom are children.
* Figures from asthma cases doubled over the past 20 years.

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Allergy Causes

To help answer this question, let us look at some examples of common household. A few months after the arrival of a cat in the house, the father started getting the itchy eyes and sneezing episodes of. One in three children developed a cough and wheezing, especially when the cat into the bedroom. Mother and two other children did not experience any reaction to the presence of cats. How do we explain this?


The immune system is a defense mechanism which was organized by the body against foreign invaders, particularly infections. His job is to recognize and react against foreign substances, called antigens. Antigens are the ingredients that can cause the production of antibodies. Antigens may or may not lead to allergic reactions. Allergens are certain antigens that cause allergic reactions and the production of IgE.

The purpose of the immune system is to mobilize its power to assault and destroy the enemy. One way to do this is to create protective proteins called antibodies that specifically targeted against particular foreign substances. These antibodies, or immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD), are protective and help destroy a foreign particle by attaching itself to the surface, thus making easier the other immune cells to destroy it. However people who are allergic, develop a specific type of antibody called immunoglobulin E, or IgE, in response to specific foreign substances that are generally harmless, such as cat dander. Summarized, immunoglobulins are a group of protein molecules that work as antibodies. There are 5 kinds of different types: IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgE. IgE is the allergy antibody.

In the example animal cat, father and youngest daughter developed IgE antibodies directed in large numbers against cat allergens, cat dander. Father and daughter now become sensitive or likely to develop allergic reactions on subsequent exposure and repeated on cat allergen. Typically, there are periods of "sensitivity" that range from monthly to yearly before an allergic reaction. While it may occasionally occur an allergic reaction on first exposure to the allergen, certainly before there is contact so that the immune system to react in this way.

IgE is the antibody which is owned by all of us in small quantities. People who are allergic, however, produce IgE in large amounts. Normally, antibodies are important in protecting us from parasites, but not from cat dander or allergens. During the period of sensitivity, over-produced IgE cat dander and certain cells lining the potentially explosive-containing chemicals. These cells are capable of causing an allergic reaction on subsequent exposure to the dander. This is caused by a reaction from dander cat dander IgE irritates the cells and lead to the release of various chemicals, including histamine. These chemicals, in turn, causes inflammation and allergy symptoms are typical. This is how the immune system becomes excessive and disiapakn to cause an allergic reaction when stimulated by allergens.

Time of exposure to cat dander, mother and two other children generate classes other antibodies, none of them cause allergic reactions. The family members who are not allergic, dander particles are eliminated by the immune system and the cat has no effect on them.

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allergy

Allergic Eczema
Allergic eczema (atopic dermatitis) is generally not an allergic rash caused by skin contact with allergens. This condition is commonly associated with allergic rhinitis or asthma and highlight the following symptoms:

* Itching, redness, and or dryness of skin
* Rash (Rash) in advance, especially children
* A rash around the eyes, in the folds of elbows, and behind the knees, especially in children and older adults


Hives
Hives (urticaria) are skin reactions that occur as swelling, itching and swelling that can occur on any body part. Hives can be caused by allergic reactions, such as in food or drugs, but they also can occur in people who are not allergic. The symptoms of hives, a typical:

* Raised red welts
* Itching great

Allergic Shock
Allergic shock (anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock) is a life-threatening allergic reaction that can affect several organs at the same time. This response typically occurs when the allergen is eaten (eg, food) or disuntikakan (eg bee stings). Some or all of the following symptoms may occur:

* Hives or reddish discoloration of the skin
* Nose clogged

Swelling of the throat
Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting
* Short breath, wheezing (wheezing)
Low blood pressure or shock

Shock refers to inadequate blood circulation to the body tissues. The most common shock caused by blood loss or infection. Allergic shock caused by enlarged blood vessels and "leaky", which resulted in the decline of blood pressure.

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