Pharynx and esophagus, Tools Digestion In Humans

Pharyngeal
Pharynx lies behind the nose, mouth and throat. A channel with a length of about 7 cm.

Pharynx consists of 3 parts, namely:
- Naso pharynx, located behind the nose where there is tubal eustachius, adenoid gland.
- Pharynx oralis, located on the back of the mouth, there Tonil (tonsils)
- Laryngeal pharynx, the lowest part of the pharynx which is located in the larynx.


Oesophagus (Esophagus)
Esophagus is a tubular-Semitic tract that connects the pharynx to the stomach (gastric). Food that has been digested in the mouth goes into the esophagus through the process of swallowing (deglitasi).

Histologically, the esophagus consists of four layers, namely:
a. Tunica mucosa
b. Submucosal tunica
c. Tunica muscularis
d. Adventisia tunica (tunica elastika)

Tunica mucosa tunica mucus.pada ubmukosa produce, there are collagen and elastic connective tissue, blood and nerve ends kalpiler. The tunica muscularis containing smooth muscle and connective tissue. Esophagus has a ring of cartilage, food substances can pass through the esophagus because of the peristaltic motion. Peristaltic motion is motion-squeezing and undulating mermas did not realize that food tedorong into the stomach. At the boundary between esogagus with gastric tedpat sfinger esophagi (sphincter esophagi) which befungsi arrange for food that has been entered into the stomach did not go back into the esophagus.

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Stomach, Digestion In Human Instrument

Stomach is a big bag located below the last rib side left. Gastric consist of three parts, namely cardiac (adjacent to the liver) associated with the esophagus, fundus (middle), and pylorus (directly related to the small intestine). At the moment there is food close to the stomach, cardia sphincter muscles work to open the upper stomach so that food go dn immediately closed again for food did not return to eofagus. Meanwhile, pilorusberperan sphincter muscle in the process of food arrangements for out of the stomach and into the intestine of twelve finger (deudenum)


Muscular stomach wall is composed elongated, circular, and menyerong. With the help of these muscles cause the food is mixed evenly to form a porridge called chime when the muscles contract.

Stomach wall is anatomically composed of 5 layers, namely the tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis mucosa, submucosal tunica, tunica muscularis, and tunica adventisia. On that layer terdpat glands which produce gastric juice.


Sap hull contains:
a. Hydrochloric acid (HCl). Befungsi as a disinfectant, which is to kill the germs that enter with food or make the germs are not dangerous. In addition, hydrochloric acid also befungsi to preserve food and help pembenukan pepsin.
b. Renin, an enzyme that functions precipitate casein (milk protein) of milk. Casein is converted by pepsin into peptone.renin only produced by the stomach of mammals.
c. Pepsinogendalam environment hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen is converted into an active enzyme is pepsin. Pepsin digests proteins function into smaller molecules of a substance and the so-called soluble Peptone.
d. Lipase, serves to digest fat. In the stomach, lipase terdpat in small quantities.

After food is digested in the stomach, little by little food go Ked deudenum lam. Muscles that work here are the pylorus muscle. How pylorus muscle that leads to the stomach will relax if touched cyme which besifat acid. Conversely pylorus muscle that leads to the small intestine will shrivel if touched cyme. So cyme acidic front reached the pylorus, the pylorus will open, so that food passed. And the food is on the back of the pylorus closed pylorus. So the food into the small intestine gradually and can be digested and absorbed effectively.

Gastric motor function as fungi are:
- The function of the reservoir, storing food until the food is slowly digested and moves in the gastrointestinal tract.
- The function of mixing.
- The function of gastric emptying is regulated by the opening of the pylorus sphinter regulated by the viscosity, volume, acidity, osmotic activity, physical condition, and also by emotions, drugs and employment. Gastric emptying regulated by neural and hormonal factors.

Function as a function of gastric secretion and digestion:
- Digesting protein by pepsin and HCl, by amilae starch, and fat Leh lipase.
- Synthesis and expenditure gastrin
- Secretion of intrinsic factor enables the absorption of vitamin B12 from the distal small intestine.
- Mucus secretion, as pelingdung stomach and lubrication for easy transporting food.

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