Jangan Abaikan Kesehatan Lingkungan

KAJIAN tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup terhadap kondisi kesehatan lingkungan belum banyak dilakukan. Kebanyakan kajian dilakukan mengenai implikasi ini terhadap migas dan sumber daya alam (kajian ekonomi sumber daya) dan kajian ilmu lingkungan itu sendiri.


Kesehatan lingkungan sebagai bagian dari disiplin ilmu kesehatan masyarakat sebenarnya memiliki relevansi tersendiri. Mengutip Notoatmodjo (2003), kesehatan lingkungan pada hakikatnya adalah suatu kondisi atau keadaan lingkungan yang optimum sehingga berpengaruh positif terhadap terwujudan status kesehatan yang optimum pula. Ruang lingkup kesehatan lingkungan tersebut, antara lain mencakup penyediaan air bersih, pembuangan sampah, pembuangan air kotor (limbah), pembuangan kotoran manusia (tinja), dan sebagainya. Sementara usaha kesehatan lingkungan adalah suatu usaha untuk memperbaiki atau mengoptimalkan lingkungan hidup manusia agar merupakan media yang baik untuk terwujudnya kesehatan yang optimum bagi manusia yang hidup didalamnya.


Dari segi keilmuan, ilmu kesehatan masyarakat sangat berhubungan erat dengan ilmu lingkungan, khususnya ilmu kesehatan lingkungan (environment health science) dengan obyek ilmu yang sama pada masalah pengolahan air limbah. Soeparman (2002) menyebutkan air limbah merupakan sisa dari hasil aktifitas yang dilakukan manusia sebagai makhluk hidup, individu maupun makhluk sosial. Kehidupan manusia yang dominan dan menentukan terjadinya perubahan dari berbagai aspek kehidupan, sedang lingkungannya dituntut untuk memenuhi berbagai kebutuhan hidupnya. Beberapa penyakit yang ditimbulkan oleh pembuangan sampah dan air limbah yang kurang baik serta lingkungan yang tidak sehat dan sanitasi yang kurang baik, di antaranya adalah: diare, demam berdarah, disentri, hepatitis A, kolera, tiphus, cacingan, dan malaria.

PENGGUNAAN PESTISIDA YANG BERLEBIHAN

Pestisida juga akan mencemari tanah jika digunakan secara berlebihan. Pemberian pestisida yang berlebihan akan membuat hewan yang menguntungkan ikut mati. Jika terbawa aliran air sampai ke sungai, akan mencemari air sungai.

PEMAKAIAN PUPUK YANG BERLEBIHAN

Pemberian pupuk tanah, jika tidak sesuai dengan ukuran yang tepat, akan mencemari tanah. Tanah menjadi asam dan mematikan tumbuhan dan hewan yang ada di sekitarnya.

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High-Risk Neonatal

Newborns or neonates includes ages 0-28 days. Life in the neonatal period is extremely vulnerable due to physiological adjustments needed for babies outside the womb to live as well as possible.
Neonatal period: 0-28 days
- Early neonatal period: 0-7 days
- Advanced neonatal period: 8-28 days


High risk of neonatal

A. LBW (low birth weight)
Birth weight <2500 g with gestational age is the moon that is between 37-40 weeks
Usually caused by low birth weight:
- Mothers with pregnancy malnutrition
- Congenital disease that is caused from toxemia grafidarum pets (cats, dogs, rats)
- Birth with gemeli (double or twin pregnancy)

Premature Baby

Definition:
Newborns with gestational age 37 weeks or less at birth called a premature baby. Although small, the size of premature infants according to gestational age but not yet perfect intrauterine growth can cause complications during post-natal. Newborns who weigh 2500 grams or less with gestational age more than 37 weeks of pregnancy is called small, this is different from prematurity, although 75% of neonates who weigh under 2500 grams was born premature.

Clinical problems occur more often in premature babies than in babies born to normal. Prematurity causes immaturity of development and function of the system, limiting the ability of infants to perform coping on disease problems.

A common problem among disstres respiratory syndrome (RDS), necrotic enterocolitis, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglikemia, thermoregulation, patetnt ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary edema, hemorrhage intraventrikular. Other additional stressor in infant and parents include hospitalization for the disease in infants. Parental responses and coping mechanisms they may cause interference with the relationship between them. Required planning and actions are adequate to permasalahn.

Premature babies can survive depends on their weight, gestational age, and disease or abnormality. Premature donate 75% - 80% of neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Etiology and precipitation factors:
The problems in the mother during pregnancy:
- Diseases / disorders such as hypertension, toxemia, placenta previa, abruptio placenta, cervical incompetence, multiple fetuses, malnutrition and diabetes mellitus.
- Low socioeconomic level and inadequate prenatal care
- Delivery before his time or induced abortion
- Abuse of consumption in the mother such as drugs, alcohol, smoking and caffeine

Assessment
1. History of pregnancy
- Age of mother under 16 years old with low educational background
- Twin Pregnancy
- Socio-economic status, inadequate prenatal care, poor nutrition
- The possibility of genetic disease
- History of preterm birth
- Such as TORCH infections, sexually transmitted diseases, etc.
- Conditions such as toxemia, premature rupture of membrane, abruptio placenta and prolapsed umbilical
- Penyalahgunaaan drugs, smoking, and alcohol consumption kafeine
- Blood type, Rh factor, amniocentesis.

2. Status of newborn
- Age of pregnancy between 24-37 weeks, low birth weight or gestational age greater
- Body weight below 2500 grams
- Thin, minimal subcutaneous fat
- The physical abnormalities seen
- Apgar score of 1-5 min: 0-3 indicated severe distress, 4 - 6 show disstres medium and 70-10 is the normal value.

3. Cardiovascular
- Heart rate 120-160 x per minute on the apical side with a regular rhythm
- At birth, there was a murmur

4. Gastrointestinal
- Protruding abdomen
- Exodus meconium after 12 hours
- Weakness and decreased sucking reflex
- Make sure the anus without / with congenital abnormalities

5. Integumentary
- Cyanosis, jaundice, mottling, redness, or yellow skin
- Verniks caseosa slightly with lanugo hair all over body
- Skinny
- General or local edema
- Short Nails
- Sometimes there are petechie or ekimosis

6. Musculoskeletal
- Cartilago on immature ears
- Skull soft
- The state relaxed, inaktive or lethargi

7. Neurologic
- Reflexes and movements on neurologic tests without resistance
- Sucking reflexes, swalowing, gag reflex and cough reflex is weak or ineffective
- No or minimal signs of neurologic
- The eyes are still closed in infants with gestational age 25-26 weeks
- Body temperature is not stable: typically hipotermik

8. Pulmonary
- Respiratory rate is between 40 - 60 x / min with a period of apnea
- Irregular respiration with nasal flaring, grunting and retraction (intercostal, suprasternal, substrenal)
- There was crakles on auscultation

9. Renal
- Micturition occurred 8 hours after birth
- Possible inability mengekresikan sulution in urine

10. Reproduction
- Women: the labia majora not yet cover the clitoris so that it appears prominently
- Male: testes have not dropped perfectly into the pockets of the scrotum, may have inguinal hernias.

11. Supporting Data
- X-ray of the chest and other organs to determine the presence of abnormalities
- Ultrasound to detect organ abnormalities
- Stick glucose to determine glucose levels decreased
- Serum calcium levels, decreased levels means there is hypocalcaemia
- Levels of bilirubin to identify the improvement (due to the premature are more sensitive to hyperbilirubinemia)
- Levels of electrolytes, blood gas analysis, blood group, blood cultures, urinalysis, fecal analysis and so forth.

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Definition of Adolescent Reproductive Health

Teenagers are defined as the transition from childhood to adulthood. Teen age limit according to WHO (the UN agency for global health) is 12 to 24 years. However if in the teenage years a person is married, he was classified in the adult or is no longer a teenager. Conversely, if the age is no longer a teenager but still dependent on parents (not independent), then put in groups of adolescents.


What is a reproduction?
In a simple reproduction comes from the word go back and re = production = create or produce, so reproduction has the meaning of human life in a process to produce offspring for the sake of preservation of life.

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH is a state of physical, mental and social intact in all matters relating to the functions, roles & reproductive system (International Conference on Population and Development, 1994).

How service coverage?
The scope of reproductive health services:
• counseling and information on family planning (FP)
• pregnancy and childbirth services (including: a safe abortion services, newborn care / neonatal)
• treatment of reproductive tract infections (ISR) and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including the prevention of infertility
• Counselling and adolescent reproductive health (ARH)
• Counseling, information and education (IEC) on kespro

What's Adolescent Reproductive Health?
Adolescent reproductive health is a healthy condition concerning the system, function and reproductive processes owned by a teenager. Healthy sense here is not merely mean disease-free or free from defects but also mentally and socially healthy cultural.

Why Teens Need to Know Reproductive Health?
Adolescent reproductive health needs to know in order to have correct information about the reproductive process and the various factors that are nearby. With the right information, adolescents are expected to have the attitude and responsible behavior on the reproductive process.

Basic knowledge of what needs to be given to teenagers so they have a good reproductive health?
• The introduction of systems, processes and reproductive functions (aspects of adolescent growth and development)
• why young people need to mature the marriage age as well as how to plan pregnancies to be consistent with keinginnannya and her partner
• Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV / AIDS and its impact on reproductive health conditions
• Dangers of drugs and alcohol on reproductive health
• Influence of media on social and sexual behavior
• Sexual violence and how to avoid them
• float communication skills including the strengthening of confidence to be able to ward off the things that are negative
• Reproductive Rights

Anyone who should be Notified About Reproductive Health Information?
Reproductive process is a continuing process of descent that became a shared responsibility of men and women. Therefore both men and women should know and understand about the various aspects of reproductive health. Errors where more reproductive problems is the responsibility of women should not happen again.

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