Worms Disease

Do you know what percentage of children in Indonesia who became ill worms? Apparently 90% of children in Indonesia suffer from intestinal worms. Worm disease is often considered a trivial disease, however, the impact this disease can be fatal especially if the affected are children who are small and vulnerable to disease.


Worms is a typical disease of tropical regions most severe infection occurs during the rainy season. With environmental sanitation is poor or due to floods, overflowing rivers and ditches, eventually larvae - larvae of the worm spread to many places that are likely to come into contact with humans.

Worm larvae into the human body through direct contact, like children who play without the use of footwear in the regions of the former flow of flood or overflow of water channels. In addition, worms can also spread disease through food contaminated by worm larvae.

Larval worms usually will not hatch while not enter the human body. These larvae can live for weeks have not found anywhere though its host. Only after the larvae enter the human body, it will hatch in the intestine and eat foods that are digested by humans. So that the intestine can not absorb food because it was "hijacked" by the worm first. This has resulted in the human body becomes weak, thin, and lowered body resistance to other diseases began attacking. In addition, if left too long someone infected worms, it is feared may have physical and intellectual weakness. Additionally, worms can also cause nutritional problems and anemia.

So start a clean life for you and your family of worms are not attacked by the disease, because disease does not recognize adults and children alike.

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Asthma Disease

A. UNDERSTANDING
Asthma is a disease marked hypersensitivity trakeabronkial branches of various types of stimuli these circumstances lead to narrowing of airways due to periodic and reversible bronchospasm (brokus disease)

B. DIVISION OF ASTHMA AND CAUSED
Asthma can be divided into 3 categories
1. Ftg ekstrisik asthma or allergic
cause of allergic asthma is an inhaled allergen sensitivity as fluff pads or unfortunately animal foods like milk and chocolate (often occurs in children)
2. Intrinsic Asthma
Intrinsic or idiopathic asthma often occur in the age after 40 years.
The cause is often caused by physical activity. Emotions and nutrition
3. Asthma mix
Is asthma interinsik and esktrinsik and most attacking clients. The cause of asthma Intrinsic asthma is often a mixture, whereas extrinsic asthma in children can be cured at the age of young adults.


C. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
After the client exposed to allergens will arise:
1. Dipsnea: there is a shortness of breath are infected and there is no
2. felt suffocated and had to stand up or sit down and try to breathe
3. arise wheezing sound (moving) / wheezing.

D. ASTHMA TREATMENT
Treatment of asthma can be divided as follows:
1. Therapy with drugs was carried out by the physician handling

2. Actions that are not typical
a. protection / prevention of air pollution sudden weather changes, air humidity
b. improve the home environment, especially the bed
c. do not smoke
d. maintaining emotional stability
e. Avoiding drugs that affect asthma, for example sedatifa and tranguilizer morphine and beta blockers

3. Typical action
a. if known to cause asthma allergens so avoid things that cause allergies
b. asmatikus status is the cause of asthma that can not be overcome by epineprin / aminophilin specifically for asthma is handed over to the authorities / doctor

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Epilepsy Papers

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

 A. Background

Epilepsy is defined as a syndrome characterized by impaired brain function are temporary and paroxysmal, which gives the manifestation of disorder, or loss of consciousness, impaired motor, sensory, psychological, and autonomous systems, and is episodic. Cognitive memory deficits are a problem most often occurs in pederita epilepsy.


Every person has a risk of one in 50 to get epilepsy. Drug users and alcohol drinkers had a higher risk. Narcotic users may get a first seizure due to use of narcotics, but then may continue to have seizures despite being separated from narkotik.Di UK, one person among the 131 people suffering from epilepsy.

Epilepsy can affect children, adults, parents and even newborn babies. The incidence of epilepsy is higher in men than in women, ie 1-3% of the population will suffer from epilepsy for life. In the United States, one in 100 population (1%) population susceptible to epileptic seizures, and approximately 2.5 million of whom have undergone treatment in the last five years. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 50 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy (2004 Epilepsy.com.)

CHAPTER II
Reader Reviews

A. Definition
Epilepsy that is difficult to control medically or pharmacoresistant, because the majority of patients with epilepsy is resistant, most often attacked in advance of the head. Drugs that can soothe antiepileptik the standard. Related to biomolekular base complex. Headache attack is very difficult to be treated by pharmacological, although already in an optimal antiepileptic drug is given, about 30-40% of epilepsy patients are infected, patients usually perform surgery to relieve pain temporarily. But the symptoms of epilepsy will occur occasionally, because epilepsy is difficult to remove the head pain that attack.

B. Risk Factors
Epilepsy can affect children, adults, parents and even newborn babies. The incidence of epilepsy is higher in men than in women, ie 1-3% of the population will suffer from epilepsy for life. In the United States, one in 100 population (1%) population susceptible to epileptic seizures, and approximately 2.5 million of whom have undergone treatment in the last five years. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 50 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy (2004 Epilepsy.com.)

C. Epidemiology
Basically everyone can have epilepsy. Every person has a brain with each generation threshold is more resistant or less resistant to the emergence of resurrection. In addition, the cause of epilepsy is quite diverse: brain injury, poisoning, stroke, infection, parasitic infestation, a brain tumor. Epilepsy can occur in males and females, any age, and race whatever. The number of people with epilepsy include 1-2% of the population. In general, shows the incidence of epilepsy showed bimodal pattern: the peak incidence in the group there are children and elderly.

D. Etiology
Etiologic factors affect the determination of prognosis. The main cause, is idopatik epilepsy, remote symptomatic epilepsy (RSE), acute symptomatic epilepsy, and epilepsy in children based on brain damage at the time of peri-or antenatal. Within these classifications there are two prominent types of epilepsy, epilepsy is idiopathic and RSE. From these two there are many different etiologies and syndromes, each with a good prognosis and bad.

Symptomatic epilepsy based on brain tissue damage was evident on CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and no apparent brain damage but against a background of antenatal or perinatal problems with obvious neurologic deficit. Meanwhile, the view of the possibility of re-generation of post-awitan.

The definition of neurologic in relation to the age when awitan have predictive value as follows:
• If at the time of birth, the neurologic deficit has occurred within the first 12 months the whole case will have re-generation,
• If the neurologic deficit occurs when the risk of postpartum re-generation is 75% in the first 12 months and 85% in the first 36 months. In addition, the first generation that occurs during acute brain disorder will have a risk of 40% in the first 12 months and 36 months for the occurrence of re-awakening. Overall the risk for re-generation is not constant. Most cases showed re-generation within the first 6 months.

E. Pathogenesis
The nervous system is a communication network (communication network). The brain communicates with the organs of the body through nerve cells (neurons). In normal conditions, nerve impulses from the brain electrically will be brought neurotransmitters such as GABA (gamma-aminobutiric acid) and glutamate by nerve cells (neurons) to the organs of the body. Causative factors of epilepsy in this system interfere, causing power imbalance in nerve cells and cause seizures that are characteristic of epilepsy.

Factors trigger epilepsy:
• Pressure,
• Lack of sleep or breaks,
• Sensitive to bright light (photo sensitive), and
• Drinking alcohol.

F. Diagnosis
Evaluation of patients with paroxysmal nature of symptoms, especially with an unknown factor, requires specialized knowledge and skills to explore and discover relevant data. The diagnosis of epilepsy was based on anamnesis and clinical examination combined with the results of EEG and radiologis.penderita or their parents need to be asked to testimony about the history of epilepsy the family. Then proceed with multiple checks, among others:

• Physical Examination
This examination is sifting the causes of generation by using the age and history of the disease as a handle. On auscultation elderly neck region is important to detect vascular disease. In children, judging by the slow growth, sebaceous adenoma (tuberous sclerosis), and organomegali (srorage disease).

• Electro-ensefalograf
EEG patterns in epilepsy may help to determine the type and location of generation. Epileptiform wave comes from the spark paroxysmal sourced on a group of neurons that have a synchronous depolarization. Overview of the recorded EEG epileptiform anatarcetusan appeared and stopped abruptly, often with a distinctive morphology.

• Examination of the brain imaging
MRI aims to look at brain structure and complete EEG data. Useful to compare the right and left hippocampus. One also can identify abnormalities of brain growth, the tumors are small, certain vascular malformations, and diseases of demyelination.
Differential Diagnosis

• Genesis paroxysmal
Differential diagnosis for paroxysmal events that are included sinkrop, migraine, TIA (TransientIschaemic Attack), periodic paralysis, gastrointestinal disorders, disorders of movement and breath holding spells. This diagnosis is fundamental.

• simple partial epilepsy
Diagnosis includes TIA, migraine, hyperventilation, tics, mioklonus, and spasmus hemifasialis. TIAs can occur with sensory symptoms are distinguished from simple partial epilepsy. Both paroksimal, generation may be losing sight for a moment, and experience of elderly patients.

• complex partial epilepsy
Differential diagnosis is related to the level of loss of consciousness, ranging from drop attacks through behavior patterns that rumit.secara common diagnoses include sinkrop, migraine, sleep disorders, non-epileptic attack, narcolepsy, metabolic disorders and transient global amnesia.

G. Management
Once the diagnosis is established, the therapeutic actions are maintained. All people who suffer from epilepsy, both idiopathic and non-idiopathic, but the underlying pathological process is progressive not active as cerebral tumor, should receive medicinal therapy. Drug choice for eradication of epileptic attacks of any kind, other than petit mal, is luminal or phenytoin. To determine the dose must be known luminal patients' age, type epilepsinya, frequency of attacks and when the doctors treated another. Doses of drugs being used. For children luminal dose is 3-5 mg / kg / BW / day, while adults do not need a dose of it. Adults need 60 to 120 mg / day. Dose of phenytoin (Dilatin, Parke Davis) for children is 5 mg / kg / BW / day for adults and 5-15 mg / kg / BW / day. Effects phenytoin 5 mg / kg / BW / day (approximately 300 mg daily) had seen in five days. So if the direct effect to be achieved at doses of 15 mg / kg / BW / day (approximately 800 mg / day) should be used.

Anticonvulsant effect can be assessed on the 'follow up'. Patients with common assault frequency of 3 times a week is much easier to treat compared with patients who have a frequency of 3 times a year. On the visit of 'follow up' to be reported good results, bad or that can not be judged good or bad because of the frequency of attacks before and during the new therapy is still about the same. When the frequency is reduced by appeal, the doses being used needs to be increased slightly. When frekuensinay fixed, but the attack epileptic patients assessed by their parents or people with epileptic Jackson motor / sensory / 'march' as 'light' or 'much lighter', then the doses used may be continued or increased slightly. If the result is bad, the dose should be increased or added to other anticonvulsants.
Therapy Treatment of Epilepsy:

The first drug most commonly used:
(Such as: sodium valporat, phenobarbital and phenytoin)
• It is recommended for people with epilepsy new
• These medications will give side effects such as gum swelling, dizziness, acne and body fur (Hirsutisma), swollen seed kelenjardan osteomalakia.

The second drug commonly used: (such as lamotrigine, tiagabin, and gabapetin)
• If there is no change in the patient's head after the first drug use, the drug will be added with the second drug.
• Lamotrigine has been released as the first drug in Malaysia.
• New drugs are introduced do not have side effects, especially in terms of disability during birth.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Epilepsy is a disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by the occurrence of resurrection (seizure, fit, attact, spell) a spontaneous (unprovoked) and periodic. Generation can be interpreted as a modification of brain function that are sudden and quick, which is derived from a large group of brain cells, is singkron and rhythmic. The rise of epilepsy occurs when the excitation processes in the brain is more dominant than the inhibition process.

Every person has a risk of one in 50 to get epilepsy. Drug users and alcohol drinkers had a higher risk. Narcotic users may get a first seizure due to use of narcotics, but then may continue to have seizures despite being separated from the narcotic. Generally epilepsy may be caused by brain damage in the process of birth, head injury, stroke, brain tumors, alcohol. Sometimes epilepsy may also be due to genetic, hereditary disease but not epilepsy. But the exact cause remains unknown.

References

- Harsono.2007.Epilepsi, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta
- Sidhartha, Priguna M.D., Ph. D.1999. Clinical Neurology in general practice, Dian Rakyat, Jakarta.
- Http / / epilepsi.web. / / Www.google.co.id//2009

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How to Cope with Epilepsy Disease Symptoms

What is epilepsy? What causes epilepsy? definition of epilepsy? and how to overcome the symptoms of epilepsy itself.

Epilepsy, derived from the Greek (Epilepsia), which means 'attack'. Please note, epilepsy is not contagious, not a hereditary disease, and not identical with the people who experience mental ketebelakangan. In fact, many people with epilepsy who suffer from epilepsy without a known cause.


Causes of Epilepsy

Our brain consists of millions of nerve cells (neurons), in charge of coordinating all activities of our body including feeling, seeing, thinking, moving the (muscle).

In people with epilepsy, sometimes these signals, do not move properly. This can be caused by various factors, among others; head trauma (head region had experienced an injury), brain tumors, and so forth.

Generally epilepsy may be caused by brain damage in the process of birth, head injury, stroke, brain tumors, alcohol. Sometimes epilepsy may also be due to genetic, hereditary disease but not epilepsy. But the exact cause remains unknown.

Diagnosis

Hippocrates was the first to successfully identify the symptoms of epilepsy as a problem in the brain, evil spirits, and so forth. A person may otherwise suffer from epilepsy if that person has at least had seizures that are not caused by alcohol and blood pressure is very low. The tools that are used normally are:
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Using a powerful magnet to earn a picture of the body / brain someone. Not using X-Ray. MRI is more sensitive dripada CT-Scan.
- EEG (Electro Encephalo Graphy) tool to check the brain waves.

How to overcome the symptoms of epilepsy

Up to now unknown drug that truly efficacious to cure epilepsy. The most important effort is to eliminate first the causes which can lead to epileptic attacks, such as the remnants of syphilis, hardened arteries, brain diseases, alcohol poisoning, the worms in the stomach and others. To attempt to reduce epileptic attacks occur and minimize the dangers to people with epilepsy are among others:

1. The patient should keep in daily life, body and thoughts do not be too heavy in the work so as not to become tired. Do not allowed the patient to drink alcohol, coffee or tea is dense and not too much to eat meat. The patient should have a lot to eat vegetables and get enough rest and try to defecate regularly.

2. The patients do not in allowed to perform acts that if something can be dangerous to himself like climbing trees or ladders, climbing the narrow bridge, standing alongside a river or pond or a fire, swimming, cycling, walking alone in a big way and was standing near the machine that was spinning and other forth. Because it all, endanger the patient if the seizure was a relapse.

3. If looking for signs that the patient will be stricken with apoplexy, the command that he swallows 1 or 2 teaspoons of salt and inhaling the smell of garlic that have been finely ground. And also feet and hands may also be tied tightly, may wear a cloth or a large rope. In that way, usually epileptic attack can be avoided.

4. If the patient has fallen unconscious, let laid back and his clothes slightly loosened, if necessary on the sidelines of the upper and lower teeth to enter a clean cloth that has been folded or spoon, to avoid being bitten tongue and allow it until he regained consciousness.

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Definition of Allergy

Allergy refers to the exaggerated reaction by our immune system in response to body contact with certain foreign substances. Exaggerated because these foreign substances are generally regarded by the body as sessuatu that does not harm and does not occur in response to people who are not allergic. The bodies of people who are allergic to recognize foreign material and part of the immune system is activated. Allergy ingredients called "allergens." Examples of allergens include pollen, dust mites, molds, and foods. To understand the language of allergy is very important to remember that allergens are substances foreign to the body and can cause allergic reactions in certain people.


When the allergen in contact with the body, he causes the immune system to develop allergic reactions in people who are allergic to it. When you do not react according to the allergens that are generally not dangerous to other people, you have an allergic reaction and can be referred to as allergic or atopic. By karananya, people who tend to have the allergy is called allergic or atopic.

Austria pediatrician named Clemens Pirquet (1874-1929) first used the term allergy. He referred to both immunity is beneficial and harmful as an allergic hypersensitivity. The word allergy comes from the Greek words "allos," meaning different or changed and "ergos" meaning work or action. Allergies in general are referred to as "the reaction has changed". The word allergy was first used in 1905 to describe the adverse reactions of the children given repeated injections of horse serum to fight infection. The following year, the term allergy is proposed to explain the reactivity of these unexpected changes.

Allergy Facts

* It is estimated that some 50 million Americans affected by allergic conditions.
* The cost of allergies in America is more than $ 10 billion each year.
* Allergic rhinitis (nasal allergies) affects about 35 million Americans, 6 million of whom are children.
* Asthma affects 15 million Americans, 5 million of whom are children.
* Figures from asthma cases doubled over the past 20 years.

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Allergy Causes

To help answer this question, let us look at some examples of common household. A few months after the arrival of a cat in the house, the father started getting the itchy eyes and sneezing episodes of. One in three children developed a cough and wheezing, especially when the cat into the bedroom. Mother and two other children did not experience any reaction to the presence of cats. How do we explain this?


The immune system is a defense mechanism which was organized by the body against foreign invaders, particularly infections. His job is to recognize and react against foreign substances, called antigens. Antigens are the ingredients that can cause the production of antibodies. Antigens may or may not lead to allergic reactions. Allergens are certain antigens that cause allergic reactions and the production of IgE.

The purpose of the immune system is to mobilize its power to assault and destroy the enemy. One way to do this is to create protective proteins called antibodies that specifically targeted against particular foreign substances. These antibodies, or immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD), are protective and help destroy a foreign particle by attaching itself to the surface, thus making easier the other immune cells to destroy it. However people who are allergic, develop a specific type of antibody called immunoglobulin E, or IgE, in response to specific foreign substances that are generally harmless, such as cat dander. Summarized, immunoglobulins are a group of protein molecules that work as antibodies. There are 5 kinds of different types: IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgE. IgE is the allergy antibody.

In the example animal cat, father and youngest daughter developed IgE antibodies directed in large numbers against cat allergens, cat dander. Father and daughter now become sensitive or likely to develop allergic reactions on subsequent exposure and repeated on cat allergen. Typically, there are periods of "sensitivity" that range from monthly to yearly before an allergic reaction. While it may occasionally occur an allergic reaction on first exposure to the allergen, certainly before there is contact so that the immune system to react in this way.

IgE is the antibody which is owned by all of us in small quantities. People who are allergic, however, produce IgE in large amounts. Normally, antibodies are important in protecting us from parasites, but not from cat dander or allergens. During the period of sensitivity, over-produced IgE cat dander and certain cells lining the potentially explosive-containing chemicals. These cells are capable of causing an allergic reaction on subsequent exposure to the dander. This is caused by a reaction from dander cat dander IgE irritates the cells and lead to the release of various chemicals, including histamine. These chemicals, in turn, causes inflammation and allergy symptoms are typical. This is how the immune system becomes excessive and disiapakn to cause an allergic reaction when stimulated by allergens.

Time of exposure to cat dander, mother and two other children generate classes other antibodies, none of them cause allergic reactions. The family members who are not allergic, dander particles are eliminated by the immune system and the cat has no effect on them.

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allergy

Allergic Eczema
Allergic eczema (atopic dermatitis) is generally not an allergic rash caused by skin contact with allergens. This condition is commonly associated with allergic rhinitis or asthma and highlight the following symptoms:

* Itching, redness, and or dryness of skin
* Rash (Rash) in advance, especially children
* A rash around the eyes, in the folds of elbows, and behind the knees, especially in children and older adults


Hives
Hives (urticaria) are skin reactions that occur as swelling, itching and swelling that can occur on any body part. Hives can be caused by allergic reactions, such as in food or drugs, but they also can occur in people who are not allergic. The symptoms of hives, a typical:

* Raised red welts
* Itching great

Allergic Shock
Allergic shock (anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock) is a life-threatening allergic reaction that can affect several organs at the same time. This response typically occurs when the allergen is eaten (eg, food) or disuntikakan (eg bee stings). Some or all of the following symptoms may occur:

* Hives or reddish discoloration of the skin
* Nose clogged

Swelling of the throat
Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting
* Short breath, wheezing (wheezing)
Low blood pressure or shock

Shock refers to inadequate blood circulation to the body tissues. The most common shock caused by blood loss or infection. Allergic shock caused by enlarged blood vessels and "leaky", which resulted in the decline of blood pressure.

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