ALLERGIES, Who's at Risk and Why?

Allergies can develop at any age, possibly even in the womb. They generally occur in children but could possibly cause the symptoms for the first time in adulthood. Asthma may last long in adults while nasal allergies tend to diminish in old age.


Why, might you ask, some people are sensitive (sensitive) to specific allergens were most insensitive? Why are people allergic to produce more IgE than those not allergic? It seems the main factor that distinguishes it is the offspring. For some time, has been known that allergic conditions tend to be grouped / clustered within families. Your own risk to develop allergy associated with allergic history of your parents. If none of your parents are allergic, your chances of getting allergies is about 15%. If a parent has allergies, your risk rises to 30% and if both are allergic, your risk is greater than 60%.

Although you may inherit a tendency to develop allergies, you may in fact have never had symptoms. You also should not inherit the same allergies or diseases that are the same as your parents. Still not clear what determines what ingredients that trigger allergic reactions in people. Moreover, diseases which may be or how much weight can develop symptoms that may occur, is unknown.

Other major pieces of the puzzle is the environmental allergies. It is clear that you must have a genetic tendency and in exposure to the allergen so that the developing allergies. In addition, more intense and over and over and over exposure to the allergen and occur earlier in life, are more likely to develop allergies.

There are other important influences that may conspire to cause allergic conditions. Some of these include smoking, pollution, infection, and hormones.

General conditions of Allergy and Gejal-Symptoms and Warning Alerts

Body parts that tend to react to allergies include the eyes, nose, lungs, skin, and stomach. Although a variety of allergic diseases can arise are different, they all come from the response / excessive immune reactions to foreign substances in people who are sensitive. The following brief descriptions will present an overview of allergic disorders are common.

Allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis ("hay fever") is the most common of the allergic diseases and refers to seasonal nasal symptoms caused by pollen. Year-round allergic rhinitis or perennial allergic rhinitis (perennial) is generally caused by allergens in the home / room, such as mites (dust mites), animal dander, or molds. It can also be caused by pollen. The symptoms come from inflammation of the tissue that lines the inside of the nose (lining or mucous membranes) after allergens are inhaled. Adjacent areas, such as the ears, sinuses, and throat may also be involved. The symptoms most commonly include:

- Runny nose
- Nose clogged
- Sneezing
- Nose itch
- Ear, ear and throat are itchy
- Post nasal drip

In 1819, a British physician, John Bostock, hay fever was first described by detailing the symptoms of seasonal nasal itself, which he called "summer catarrh". The condition is called hay fever because it is caused by "new hay."

Asthma

Asthma is a respiratory problem that comes from inflammation and spasm (spasm) of the lung airways (bronchial tubes). Inflammation causing narrowing of the airways, which restrict air flow into and out of the lungs. Asthma most often, but not always, associated with allergies. Common symptoms include:

- Shortness of Breath
- Wheezing (Wheezing)
- Cough
- Chest tightness

Eye-Eye Allergies

Spy allergy (allergic conjunctivitis) is inflammation of the tissue layers (membranes) that cover the surface of the eyeball and the undersurface of the eyelids.

Inflammation occurs as a result of allergic reactions and may produce the following symptoms:

- Redness under the eyelids and eyes of the whole
- Watery eyes and itchy eyes
- Swelling of the membranes

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High Blood Disease or Hypertension

"Beware of High Blood Diseases In The you without your awareness, recognize the symptoms and causes as early as possible!". High Blood disease or hypertension, is one of the most devastating killer disease in the world today.



Age is one risk factor for hypertension. More often found that people with high blood pressure or hypertension in old age. Blood pressure is showing the state where the pressure imposed by blood in the arteries when blood is pumped by the heart to all members of the body. Blood pressure can be seen by taking two sizes and are usually indicated by numbers such as 120/80 mmHg. Figures 120 shows the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts. Called systolic pressure. Figures 80 shows the pressure when the heart is relaxing. Called diastolic pressure. The best attitude to measure blood pressure is in a state of sitting or lying down.


High blood pressure (hypertension) causes an increased risk for stroke, heart failure, heart attack and kidney damage. Without looking at age or gender, everyone can get heart disease and usually without any previous symptoms. Blood pressure in one's life varies naturally infants and children normally have a blood pressure is much lower than the adult. Blood pressure is also influenced by physical activity, which will be higher at the time and activity is lower when resting. Blood pressure also differs in one day, the highest in the morning and lowest during sleep at night.


Symptoms of High Blood Diseases (Hypertension)

Hypertension is difficult to recognize by someone because hypertension has no specific symptoms. The symptoms are easily observed, among others, namely:

1. Mild symptoms such as dizziness or headaches

2. Often agitated

3. Red face

4. Sore neck

5. Irritable

6. Ear buzzing

7. It is hard to sleep

8. Blown

9. Sense of weight in the nape

10. Easily tired

11. The eyes see stars

12. Nosebleed (nosebleed)


Hypertension can be identified by measuring blood pressure regularly. Patients with hypertension, if not handled properly, will have a big risk to die from cardiovascular complications like stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and kidney failure, the target of damage caused by hypertension, among others:


- Brain: causes stroke

- Eyes: causes hypertension and retinopathy can cause blindness

- Heart: cause of coronary heart disease (including myocardial sac), heart failure

- Kidney: cause of chronic kidney disease, terminal renal failure


Causes of High Blood Disease or Hypertension.

The cause of hypertension is often referred to as one of the degenerative disease. Generally, people with hypertension do not know him before his blood pressure checked. This disease is also known to affect anyone of various age groups and socio-economic groups. However, more common in the elderly which is one risk factor.


Risk factor for hypertension, are among others:

* Stress.

* Factors Heredity (Genetics).

* Age.

* Intake of Salt.

* A less healthy lifestyle.


With increasing age, the likelihood of someone suffering from hypertension are also getting bigger. Influence of age on the occurrence of stress often occur as well. Many found the retirees who've never worked longer face extreme environmental changes. Faced with conditions at home that no activity and is positioned as being no longer able to perform some job stress raises.


There is an increasing body fluid volume and blood pressure which will be followed by increased spending excess salt substance that back in normal circumstances. In essential hypertension, this condition is disturbed. Diet and activity in an unbalanced also have contributed a great cause of hypertension. Smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages and lack of exercise can also affect blood pressure elevation.


Overweight let alone obese patients will experience higher blood pressure compared with those with normal weight. Increased blood pressure is found throughout the day, including at night. Moreover, added, blood pressure during the night as high as in the daytime in those who have excess weight to overweight. Supposedly, at night, decreased blood pressure, blood bilatekanan remain high, this condition can cause interference with the heart.


Hypertension can be classified into two broad categories, namely primary and secondary. Primary Hypertension Hypertension means that the cause is not known clearly. The second class is the cause of hypertension semunder be said to have been uncertain, for example, kidneys are not functioning, use of oral contraceptives, and disruption of hormonal balance which is a factor regulating blood pressure.

Combating High Blood Diseases

The dominant factors that cause hypertension are diet and body activity. As a result of two things with age increase the risk of disease emergence. Control of hypertension, among others, namely:


1. Diets low in salt, cholesterol, and saturated fat. Reduce intake of salt into the body. Should pay attention to the eating habits of people with hypertension. Reducing salt intake will dramatically difficult to implement, so it should be gradual and not used as a single treatment.

2. Behenti smoking and alcohol

3. Regular physical exercise

4. Avoid stress. Create an atmosphere of calm and relaxation-relaxation routine to do every day. It is important to give the effect of tranquility that can control the nervous system so it can lower blood pressure.

5. Fix a less healthy lifestyle. It is important to do sports such as aerobics or brisk walking about 30 minutes several times a week.


Diet Prevent High Blood Diseases

One of the main causes of hypertension is asteroklerosis. This condition is caused by excess fat consumption. Therefore, to prevent the onset of hypertension is to reduce the consumption of excess fat in addition to the provision of medicines when necessary. Restriction of fat intake should be started early before hypertension appeared, especially in people who have a history of hypertension and on the descent towards the elderly. We recommend starting at the age of 40 years in women to be more cautious in consuming fats because of approaching menopause.


The main principle in making a healthy diet is a balanced nutrition, which consume a balanced variety of foods, namely:


* Sources of carbohydrates: whole grains.

* Sources of protein: fish, poultry, white meat, egg whites, milk / low fat-free.

* The source of vegetable protein: beans and legumes as well as processed products.

* Source of vitamins and minerals: vegetables and fresh fruits.


Healthy diet aims to reduce and maintain ideal weight, so it is recommended to balance calorie intake with total energy needs by limiting consumption of foods containing high calories and / or foods that contain high sugar and fat. In addition, for physical activity sufficient to achieve good physical fitness.


Kesahatan article is taken from a book by Sutanto (Book Title: Beware seven Degenerative Diseases) HOW TO PREVENT AND OVERCOME 7 DAHSYAT MOST KILLER DISEASE: Parkinson CANCER HEART STROKE DIABETES HYPERTENSION OSTEOARTHRITIS


Preventing Always Better than cure ...

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System Model Imogene M King

King model of nursing theory to understand the concept model of nursing theory by using an open system in constant interaction with the environment, so the King put forward the concept of work that includes a system of personal, interpersonal systems and social systems that are interconnected to one another.

According to King's personal system is an open system where in it there is a perception, a pattern of growing kemban, body image, space and time from the individual and the environment, and interpersonal relationship is a relationship between nurses and patients as well as social relation which mean that a nurse interaction and patients in upholding the social system in accordance with the existing situation.

Through the basic system is the king saw man is a relative of individuals that is reacting to situations, people and creatures that human being  as of the time did not escape the past and present which may affect the future and as social human beings will live together with others who will interact with one another.


In King's book of 1981, the family is widely discussed. King views the family as a social system and the main concepts in the model. The family is treated as both a context and the client. King explain that the theory of goal attainment is useful for nurses when called upon to assist families in maintaining their health or cope with problems or illness.

Family seagai subsystem is a community of open systems in which happen reciprocal relationship between families with the community, which at the same time as feedback. In accordance with the model system in studying the community, the families studied as a sub-system and the community. lntervensi nursing will be undertaken related to the two targets are families and communities. Thus the family is the basic service unit in the society / community.

Community is a system consisting of a sub system of supra-system family is the wider social system. Sub-systems contained in kornunitas sating interacting, interrelated, and interdependent with one another. Disruptions or stressors in one sub-system will affect community, for example a disturbance in one sub system of education, where people will lose information and knowledge.
The result can lead to lack of knowledge or ignorance of health in modifying the environment that require nursing intervention.

The goal of the theory of King (1971, 1981, 1987) focuses on the interaction of three systems: The system of personal, interpersonal system between nurses and clients are instrumental in providing nursing care, where the dynamic interpersonal process that is displayed by the nurses dank lien is influenced by the behavior one another, so also by the prevailing health care system. The purpose of nurses is to utilize communication to assist clients in creating and maintaining a positive adaptation to the environment

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Huknah Low

A. Definition
Insert a warm liquid through the anus to the colon using a cannula rekti desenden.

B. Goal
1. Stimulates intestinal peristalsis, so the patient can defecate
2. Emptying the colon in preparation for surgery
3. As measures of treatment


C. Indication
1. Patients who obstipasi
2. patients who will be in operation
3. Preparation of diagnostic measures such as (radiological examination)
4. Patients with melena

D. Preparation

1. Preparation of patients
a. Therapeutic greetings
b. Introduce yourself
c. Explain to the client and family about the procedure and purpose of the actions to be implemented.
d. Explanations are given to understand the client / family
e. During the communication language used is clear, systematic and non-threatening.
f. Clients / families are given the opportunity to ask for clarification
g. Privacy respected client during the communication.
h. Show patience, empathy, politeness, and attention and respect for communicating and taking action
i. Making the contract (time, place and actions to be taken)
j. Patients put in a position to sleep on your left (the position of the sim)

2. Preparation tool
a. Clean gloves
b. Bath blanket or cloth cover
c. Perlak and buttocks pengalas
d. Irigator complete with canule recti, hoses and klemnya
e. Warm fluids as needed (eg fluid Nacl, soapy water, plain water)
f. Crooked
g. Lubricant (Vaseline, sylokain, Jelly 2% / water-soluble lubricant
h. Hanger pole irigator
i. If necessary provide a chamber pot, water purifier and cotton cebok / toilet tissue

E. Procedure
1. Door closed / pair sampiran
2. Washing hands
3. Nurses standing on the right clients and pairs of gloves
4. Put Perlak and pengalas
5. Put a blanket bath while the bottom of the client's clothing discarded
6. Set the client's position left sim
7. Connect the rubber hose and clamp (closed) with irigator
8. Contents irigator with a liquid that has been provided
9. Hanging irigator with a height of 40-50 cm from the client's buttocks
10. Remove air from the hose to drain fluid into the twisted
11. Put kanule rekti and spread with jelly
12. Enter kanule into the anus, the clamp is opened, enter the liquid slowly
13. If fluid runs out, hose clamps and pull the cannula and insert into the bent
14. Set back the position of the client and ask the client to hold a minute
15. Help the client to the toilet if able, if not fixed in a slanting position and replace the chamber pot dibokong clients.
16. Client dirapihkan
17. Tools trimmed back
18. Washing hands
19. Implement documentation:

a. Record actions taken and results and client response to the client record sheet
b. Record the date and hour of taking action and the name of the nurse who did and signature / initials on the client record sheet

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Cell Biology, Cell Structure and Function

CELL BIOLOGY

Tues fundamental for the biological sciences. All organisms consist of cells. Cells are the unit structure and unit functions in biological systems. Cell as a unit structure, as all systems were prepared by cell biology. While the cell as a functional unit, because all life events that show the characteristic of life going on inside the cell. The living cell is a miniature chemical industry, where thousands of reactions going on inside a room that is microscopic cells.


In the hierarchy of biological organization, this cell is a simple collection of materials that can live. In addition, there are various forms of life intangible as single-celled organisms. More complex organisms, including plants and animals, are multicellular; its body is a collaboration of various types of specialized cells that will not survive long if each stood alone. However, when the cell is organized into a higher level of organization, such as tissues and organs, cells can be separated as the basic unit of structure and function of organisms.

In plants and animals, many cells produce a chemical material which is then delivered for use on other baigan of these organisms. For example, enzymes and hormones are used for the metabolism of cells, tissues and organs. Chemical process known as cellular respiration will move the mobile economy by extracting the energy stored in sugar and other food reserves (catabolism). In contrast, cells use this energy to carry out various types of work, such as synthesis of macromolecules (anabolisme).

Since the discovery of return and recognition of the principles of Mendel, born in 1902 a new science called cytogenetics. Clearly it seems that cytogenetics is a hybrid science pengetaahuan cytology and genetics as the parent.

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Cell structure

The aim is to separate cells fraksionasil cell into parts, separate the major organelles so that their respective functions can be studied
Fractionation preceded by homogenization, in order to break the cell without being too damaging organelles. This activity makes the researchers to prepare specific components of cells in large numbers to study the composition and function.
The main part of the cell were: wall / cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus of cells. But thanks to the discovery of electron microscopy, it has been identified in the cytoplasm of the cell organelles

Cell membrane

Type a variety of membrane is the basis for setting the cell. In general, biological membranes consist of a single phospholipid bilayer (double leyer) and other lipids. Various proteins trapped inside or attached to the surface of the lipid bilayer

With the membrane structure, the molecular organization of the membrane causes the selective permeability of cell membranes (Figure 4). Thus some of the basic functions of cell membranes are:
1. Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane
2. osmosis is the passive transport of water (solvent)
3. cell survival depends on the balance of absorption and release of water
4. Specific proteins facilitate passive transport of selected solutes
5. active transport is the pumping of solutes against gradiennya
6. some ion pumps generate voltage across the membrane
7. dalm kotranspor, mengkopel membrane protein transport of a substance dissolved with other solute
8. eksositosis and endocytosis transport large molecules

Cell organelles
The inner structure of cells and present in the cell cytoplasm called organelles, among them: endoplasmik reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, Golgi apparatus, plastids, vacuoles, etc..

Reticulum Endoplasmik

It is known there are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), namely RE-rough (rough RE) and RE-smooth (smooth RE) (Figure 5). Re-refined various cell types function in the metabolism of eg lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and offers (detoksikasi) drugs and poisons. Re-refined essential for synthesis of lipids, including phospholipids and steroids. Among the steroid sex hormone that is in the male / male (testosterone), female / female (estrogen), and various steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands (corticosteroids, aldosterone, cortisone, etc.). Cells that actually synthesize and secrete this hormone testosterone (testes) and estrogen (ovarian), for example, contains many fine RE, which is characteristic of structural and in accordance with the function of these cells.

Liver cells is one fine example of the role of RE in the metabolism of carbohydrates. Liver cells store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen, a polysaccharide. Glycogen hydrolysis causes the release of glucose from the liver cells, which are important in regulating blood sugar levels. Enzyme RE subtle help offered drugs and poisons (detoksikasi function), particularly in the liver. Offering of poison involves the addition of hydroxyl groups into the drug, which causes the drug more soluble and more easily removed from the body. Barbiturates phenobarbital and other sedatives are examples of drugs that are metabolized Obata this way by

RE subtle in liver cells.
Many types of specialized cells secrete a protein produced by ribosomes, which is attached to the RE rude. For example, certain cells in the pancreas to secrete the protein insulin, a hormone into the blood circulation. Most of the proteins skretoris form of glycoproteins, proteins covalently bound to the carbohydrate. In addition to making proteins skretoris, RE roughly a membrane factory that grows in place of adding proteins and phospholipids. Because of polypeptide that would be membrane proteins grow from ribosomes, the polypeptide is inserted into the membrane RE and held there by the hydrophobic proteins. RE coarse also create their own membrane phospholipids.

Golgi apparatus

After leaving the RE, many transport vesicles move to the Golgi apparatus. Organelle is considered a center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and delivery of products from the cell. Here, the product RE modified, and saved, then sent to another destination. Thus, the Golgi apparatus is found in many cells that are specialized for secretion

Lysosomes

Merpakan membrane bound bags of hydrolytic enzymes used by cells to digest macromolecules (Fig. 6). There lysosomes enzymes that can hydrolyze proteins, polysaccharides, fats and nucleic acids. Enzi mini works very well in acidic pH, about pH 5. Lysosome membrane maintain a low pH in this by pumping hydrogen ions from the cytosol into the lumen of lysosomes. If the lysosomes rupture or leak its contents, aktvitas cytosol enzyme is reduced in a neutral environment.

Various hereditary disorder called lysosome storage diseases (lysosomal storage diseases) affect the metabolism of lysosomes. People with this deficiency one active hydrolytic enzymes that are normally present in lysosomes. Pompe disease, liver damaged by the accumulation of glycogen due to deficiency of enzymes that hydrolyze functioning liver glycogen (polysaccharides). In Tay-Sachs disease, lipid digestive enzymes are missing or inactive, and brain damaged because of the accumulation of lipids in the cell. Maybe one day with biotechnology to improve directly with the insert DNA (genes) for the missing enzyme.

Cytogenetics

Chromosome when viewed with electron microscope appears composed of thick fibers can range between 100-500 Angstrom. For purposes of analysis of chromosomes, then the specific cells can diguanakannya, eg T lymphocytes, which must first be cultured.

T lymphocyte cell culture

1. Approximately 2.5 cc of venous blood, cultured with TC 199 medium for 72 hours
2. Add PHA (phytohemaglutinin) as an antigen nonspecific T lymphocytes so that mitosis
3. Add veal serum to enhance / stimulate mitosis
4. Before harvest, add substance to stop colchisin remain in metaphase of mitosis
5. Add hipotonus KCl solution, thus damaging the cells and chromosomes didnding biases are removed from the cell.
6. Kmbil samples and used as drops in on an object-glass, fixation with ethanol, and color with Giemsa.
7. Chromosomes are ready to be used for analysis / karyotiping

Karyotiping (Charyotiping)

Is a group activity based on the shape and length of chromosome chromosome
Fundamental usefulness of chromosome analysis is to detect the amount and structure.

Detecting the Number of Chromosome Abnormalities

1. Turner Syndrome (45X0)
2. Klinerfilter Syndrome (47XXY)

Abnormalities of chromosome structure

1. Deletion
2. Insertion
3. Duplication
4. Inversion
5. Translocation

Sex chromatin

An activity in cytogenetics menentuan sex
1. Barr Body
Preparations for the inside of the cheek scrapings, place the object-glass, fixation with methanol and color with carbol fuchsin. Barr body positive result ()
2. Drum Stick
Smear preparations, put on the object-glass, and color fixation with phosphate buffered Giemsa
3. F-Body
Smear preparations, put on the object-glass, and color fixation with buffer quinacrine, view with fluorescence microscope. The result, F-body is male.

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Anticancer

Cancer is a disease characterized by cell disruption or failure of regulatory mechanisms of multiplication and other homeostatic functions in multicellular organisms.


A common trait of cancer:
1. Excessive growth, generally in the form of tumor.
2. Impaired differentiation of cells and tissues.
3. Invasive nature, able to grow in the surrounding tissue.
4. Are metastatic, spread somewhere else and cause new growth.
5. Having heriditas congenital, derived cancer cells can also cause cancer.
6. The shift of metabolism towards the formation of macromolecules of nucleosides and amino acids and carbohydrates for energy increased ketabolisme cells.
• Work anticancer mainly based on disruption at one of the essential cell process, citizens and governments because there is no difference between cancer cells and normal cells (cytotoxic).
• On the spread of cancer treatment is not cure, but is merely a palliative for symptoms, prevention of complications, psychological support and to prolong life.

Anticancer based on its cell cycle is classified into 2, namely:
1. Showed selective toxicity toward the cells were proliferated called Cell Cycle specific substance (CCS), which is effective against cancers with high proliferative characteristics, such as cell
blood. Examples of drugs: vincristine, vinblastine, cytarabine, Fluorouracil, Azositidin, Bleomisin,
Merkaptopurin, Tioguanin, Hydroxy-urea, and methotrexate.
2. Cell Cycle Non-specific substances (CCNS), which is useful in tumors that grow slowly or quickly. Example drugs: Mekloretamin, Cyclophosphamide, Melfalan, Tiotepa, Mitomisin, Daktinomisin, Daksorubisin, daunorubicin and Cisplatalin.

Based on its anticancer divided by 4, namely:
1. Substance pengalkil or Alkilator, drug samples: Cyclophosphamide, Klorambusil, Busulfan, Melfalan, ifosfamide and Lomustin.
2. Antibiotics, drug samples: Doxorubicin, Bleomisin, Mitomisin and Epirubisin.
3. Antimetabolite, drug samples: Methotrexate, Fluorouracil, cytarabine and Merkaptopurin.
4. Alkaloids Vinka, examples of drugs: vincristine, and vinblastine Vindesin.

Hormone that functions as an anticancer are:
1. Hormones Estrogen, for prostate and breast cancer therapy, drug samples: Stilbestrol, ethinylestradiol and Fosferol - Tetrasodium.
2. Progesterone for the treatment of breast and endometrial cancer, drug samples: Megestrol and Medroksi-Progesterone Acetate.
3. Androgen, for breast cancer therapy, drug samples: Testosterone propionate and Fluoksimesteron.

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Hypothermia and Hyperthermia

HYPOTHERMIA
Normal temperature in neonates ranges from 360C - 37.50 C in the armpit temperature. Early symptoms of hypothermia when the temperature <360C or both legs and hands felt cold. When the baby's entire body felt cold, then the baby was already experiencing hypothermia (temperature 320C - <360C).

Called severe hypothermia when the body temperature <320C. To measure the body temperature thermometer measures needed on hypothermia low (low reading thermometer) to 250C. Besides as a symptom, hypothermia can be an early disease ended in death.

The principle difficulty as a result of hypothermia is the increased consumption of oxygen (hypoxia occurs), the occurrence of metabolic acidosis as a consequence of anaerobic glycolysis, and decreased glycogen deposits with resultant hypoglycemia. The loss of calories seems to weight loss that can be overcome by increasing the intake of calories.

Etiology and precipitation factors - Prematurity - Asphyxia - Sepsis - Neurologic conditions such as meningitis and cerebral hemorrhage - Inadequate drying after birth - Exposure to cold ambient temperatures

Treatment of hypothermia is intended to:
1) Preventing hypothermia,
2) Know the baby with hypothermia,
3) Know the risk of hypothermia,
4) Action on hypothermia.

Clinical signs of hypothermia:
a. Hypothermia are: - Cold Feet palpable - The ability to suck weak - Tears of weak - Skin color is uneven or kutis marmorata
b. Severe hypothermia - Same with hypothermia were - Respiratory slow irregular - The sound of slow heart - It may arise hypoglycemia and metabolic asidosisi
c. Advanced stages of hypothermia - Front, toe and hand bright red - The other body pale - The skin hardens, red and edema occur mainly on the back, legs and hands (sklerema) HYPERTHERMIA

Environment that is too hot too dangerous for babies. This situation occurs when a baby is placed near heat sources, indoor air is hot, too many clothes and blankets. Symptoms of hyperthermia in the newborn: - The baby's body temperature> 37.5 C
- Frequency of breath baby> 60 x / min
- Signs of dehydration are weight loss, lack of skin turgor, decreased amount of urine

Assessment of hypothermia hyperthermia &
1. History of pregnancy
- Difficulties with the trauma of infant birth
- Drug abuse
- The use of anesthesia or analgesia in the mother

2. Status of infants at birth
- Prematurity
- A low Apgar score
- Asphyxia by rescucitasi
- CNS disorders or damage
- The body temperature below 36.5 C or above 37.5 C
- Fever in the precipitate maternal neonatal sepsis

3. Cardiovascular
- Bradycardia
- Tachycardia in hyperthermia

4. Gastrointestinal
- Poor food intake
- Vomiting or abdominal distension
- Losing weight means

5. Integumentary
- CNS central or pallor (hypothermia)
- Skin redness (hyperthermia)
- Edema of the face, shoulder and arm
- Cold in the chest and extremities (hypothermia)
- Perspiration (hyperthermia)

6. Neorologic
- Tears of the weak
- Decrease in reflexes and activities
- Fluctuations in temperature above or below the normal limits according to age and body weight

7. Pulmonary
- Nasal flaring or decreased breath, iregguler
- Chest retraction
- Ekspirasi grunting
- Episodes of apnea or Tachypnoea (hyperthermia)

8. Renal
- Oliguria

9. Diagnostic Study
- Levels of serum glucose, to identify resulting decrease in energy used for the response to cold or heat
- Blood gas analysis, to determine karbondoksida increase and decrease oxygen levels, indicating the risk of acidosis
- Levels of Blood Urea Nitrogen, an increase indicates impaired kidney function and potensila oliguric
- Study of electrolytes, to identify the increase in potassium is associated with impaired kidney function
- Culture of body fluids, to identify any infection

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