Varicella, Infectious Disease Virus With Special Preview

Definition, Etiology and Epidemiology
Disease virus infection with a typical illustration of vesicle eruption throughout the body that arise sequentially with a mild general symptoms. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) = The virus can also cause Herpes Zoster. Very easy to spread, through splashing saliva and contacts. Can about all age groups. Usually for life, varicella only suffered one time.

 Pathophysiology
The incubation period is 11-12 days, 13-17 days can also
Viruses enter the upper respiratory tract lymph nodes = = = primary viremia organs (liver, spleen, and possibly other organs) = secondary viremia = skin
Divided into two stages:
1. Prodromal stage: symptoms of fever, malaise, anorexia 24 hours before the rash appears.
2. Stadium eruption: red papules, small = vesicle containing clear fluid and had erythematous base. Vesicle contents become turbid within 24 hours. Within 3-4 days eruption scattered, usually at first from the chest to the face, shoulders and extremitas. Eruption was accompanied by intense itching.

Diagnosis Criteria
Anamnesis:
1. Contact
2. Prodromal: mild heat, malaise (weakness) and anorexia
3. Headache
4. Rash 24 hours after symptom prodromal

Physical Examination (PF):
1. Red papules = vesicles (nonumbilicated) = within 24 hours it muddy, easily broken = crusting
2. Vesicles not only in skin but also on oral mucous membranes.
3. Generalized lymphadenopathy if there is secondary infection.
4. Bullous varicella: In children <2 yr

COMPLICATIONS (complications)
1. Secondary bacterial infection (most often), for example: pneumonia
2. Thrombocytopenia = bleeding into the skin / membrane lender / purpura
3. Varicella bullous
4. Laryngitis
5. Myocarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis
6. Hepatitis
7. Glomerulonephritis
8. Encephalitis
9. Keratitis, conjunctivitis


Preventive Therapy And
Therapy:
1. Symptomatic: Lotion, an antihistamine for itching.
2. Antivirus: Aclovir 30 mg / kg body weight / day was divided into 4 doses for 5 days.

Preventive:
1. Isolation of patients
2. Active vaccination
3. Passive vaccination

Read More

Environmental Pollution

Environmental pollution is the entry/inclusion of living things, matter, energy and / or other components into the water/air/ land so that the change order (composition) of water/air/land by human activities and natural processes, so that quality can be less or no longer function as intended.


Environmental Pollution consists of:
- Water Pollution
- Air Pollution
- Soil Pollution

Air Pollution
Air pollution is the presence of one or more physical substance, chemical or biological in the atmosphere in the amount that can endanger human health, animals, plants, interfere with aesthetics and comfort, or damage property.

Air Pollution Sources
Primary Air Pollution is the presence of one or more physical substance, chemical or biological in the atmosphere in the amount that could endanger human health, animals, plants, disturb the aesthetics and comfort, or damage property.
Primary Air Pollution is the presence of one or more physical substance, chemical or biological in the atmosphere in the amount that could endanger human health, animals, plants, disturb the aesthetics and comfort, or damage property.

Factors affecting the Air Pollution
1. Climate & meteorological factors
a. Temperature
Cold air pollutants in industrial areas = Plant height = Concentration of pollutant air exchange = difficult = respiratory tract infection
b. Wind Direction and Speed
Strong Winds = pollutant scattered everywhere = pollute the environment
Wind = Weak = Pollution Air pollutants accumulate Example: Forest Fire
c. Rain
Rain = water soluble pollutants in the air = Air Pollution
Example: Local area coal industry SO2 Rain Water = Sulfuric Acid = Acid Rain


2. Topology Factor
a. Lowland
The wind tends to carry pollutants far flying all over = Air Pollution
b. Mountains
Cold air = Holds the pollutants in the earth’s surface = Air Pollution
c. Valley
Little wind flow / slow = Holding pollutants in surface = Air Pollution

Indicators of Air Pollution
1. Sulfur dioxide gas
2. Smoke Index = electronic photo equipment Meters
3. Dust Particles

Impact of Air Pollution

Health Impacts
a. Enter through the respiratory system, large particulates suspended in the upper respiratory tract, while the small particle / gas can reach the lungs the body’s circulatory system All
b. Toxic and carcinogenic properties

Plant Impact
Chlorosis, necrosis, black spots, inhibits photosynthesis

Acid Rain
Process: CO2 SO2 NO2 react in the atmosphere with the rain making AH decreased pH (<5.6),

Impact on:
a. AH Quality
b. Damage crops
c. Dissolve heavy metals in soil
d. Corrosive and damage the building material and
Greenhouse Effect
a. The greenhouse effect due to the presence of CO2, CFCs, methane, O3, N2O atmospheric layer that absorbs solar heat radiation reflected by the earth’s surface.
b. Heat trapped in the troposphere Global Warming
Impact:
1. In polar ice melt
2. Regional and global climate change
3. Changes in the life cycle of flora and fauna

Damage Ozone Layer
a. O3 layer in the stratosphere (20-35 km) which is the protector of the earth that serves to filter UV-B radiation and sun
b. The formation and decomposition moleku O3-molecules occur naturally in the stratosphere
c. CFC emissions that reach the stratosphere is stable cause the rate of decomposition of O3 molecules faster than its formation to form the holes in the ozone layer
d. Damage to the ozone layer causing UV-B sun rays are not filtered à Ca skin as well as disease in plants

Prevention of Air Pollution
1. Short Term

1. Socialization
2. Relocation of industrial zones kepinggiran city
3. Development of green areas around the industrial area
4. EIA in the environment
5. Supervision and ban burning of ‘black and
6. Test of gas emissions from motor vehicle exhaust
7. Improvement of transportation facilities to reduce use of private vehicles

2. Long-term

1. A good city layout
2. Changing the environment-friendly fuel
3. Rail transport that soil (Subway Station)
4. Greening plants every corner of the city
5. Making Law Environmental quality environmental health

Read More

Recognize Formalin On Chicken

Splendor of formalin on the chicken pieces, still inviting the public fear to consume / buy chicken pieces.
To deal with these fears more closely identify the dangers, symptoms and characteristics of chickens that use formalin.

- The characteristics of chicken contain formalin:
a. The color of pale skin on chicken
b. Meats if the press feels springy, dense
c. Chicken meat can last longer

- Danger
a. Skin burns
b. Irritation of the respiratory tract
c. Allergic reactions, and
d. Human cancers


- Symptoms or signs of eating chicken that contain formalin
a. Sneezing
b. Sore throat,
c. Excessive chest pain
d. Tired
e. Heart palpitations
f. Headache
g. Nausea
h. Drowsiness
i. Cough-cough
j. Disturbances in menstruation and infertility
k. The color of the skin becomes red and itchy, hot and crusty
l. Numbness in the skin. And cause bubbles
m. Decrease in body temperature and itching in the chest

- How to cope
Avoid and studied more closely and notice the characteristics of the chicken will be consumed.
If there are symptoms or signs that we are exposed to or consuming formalin, immediately contact your doctor or taken to the hospital

Read More

Intestine Smooth, Tools Digestion In Humans

Located in the small intestine between the stomach and colon. This is a long intestinal tract with muscular walls. The walls of the small intestine consists of three layers, ie tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa. Tunica muscularis is causing geraka bagia small intestine.


Small intestine is divided into three parts, namely:

a. Deudenum (duodenum). Deudenum sekiar length 25-30 cm, horseshoe-shaped curve to the left. On this arch there is the pancreas that produce amylase to digest carbohydrate that serves a disaccharide. Here occurs a chemical digestion. Deudenum estuary channel is derived from the liver, the ducts keleodokus and originating from the pancreas, namely pancreatic.

b. Jejunum (empty gut). Length about 7 meters. In the jejunum, the food is still experiencing a chemical digestion by enzymes that dihailka by dning intestine, so that it becomes very soft porridge nd thin. It is the venue for the final digestion of food before the nutrients are absorbed in the ileum.

c. Ileum (intestine convolution / intestinal absorption). Ileum is the sari-sari terjaina absorption of food with a length of about 1 meter. This is where the sari-sari food is absorbed by the digestive process-tuft tuft intestine (villi).


Tuft small intestine wall enclosed by the cell tiang.kira terdpat about 500 cells in each tuft pile. Each cell contains about 1,000 microvilli. It also expands the surface of the villi of the intestinal wall so that the absorption of food nutrients Leih menajdi effective. Enzymes in the microvilli would destroy parikel food into small enough to be absorbed.
In every tuft of blood vessels are smooth and lymph channels (Kil vessels) that absorb nutrients from the surface flakes. Veins take up glucose, amino acids and minerals, while the fatty acids and glycerol enter the vessel Kil.

Small intestine wall intestine produce sap that contains several enzymes, other anatar enterokinase, erepsin, lactase, intertase, and maltase. Enterokinase functions to alter enzyme produced by the pancreas becomes tripsinogen trypsin. Erepsin serves to improve the digestion of proteins by changing pelipeptida into various amino acids. Lactase, intertase, and maltase are classified as functioning in the development of complete starch digestion disakarase (ailum) by changing the guladisakarida into sugar monosaccharide.

Read More

Simple Tips Overcome Difficult Sleep

Still having trouble sleeping at night? If one is ordinary. Perhaps also you are experiencing problems. But if you often experience difficulty sleeping disorder, a new day in the morning can be in falling asleep, do not for granted because it can develop into Insomnia. If not in the troubled insomniac, just imagine the consequences. Throughout the day can be lethargic, sleepy but unable to sleep, difficulty concentrating and dizziness, which in turn work into a mess.


Here are simple tips to overcome difficulty sleeping:

1. Once was already asleep, immediately climbed into bed. When you’re lying for 15 to 30 minutes but also not to fall asleep, do not say anything in bed. Better to get up and do that can make us more relaxed.

2. Bed only for sleeping. Do not read, watch TV or a particular work, such as typing or writing in bed.

3. Put an alarm clock at the same time every day. Thus you have to get up at the same time every day, though perhaps the number of hours of sleep do not match.


4. Make a bedtime ritual. This bedtime ritual to prepare the body to rest and sleep. This ritual can be different for everyone.

5. Certain foods can also help. Eat healthy foods and eat plenty of fruits, avoid caffeinated and carbonated beverages, and cigarettes and coffee.

6. Exercise regularly. Try to exercise, either morning or afternoon time or only once one week.
Easy is not it? Yes, you have no intention of all would be easier. Hopefully these simple tips useful for you.

Read More

Benefits when Crying Tears

Tears will flow from the eyes when we cry, or eye irritation when foreign objects, even tear of everyday function that is more important. Tear film on the surface of the eye occurs by a blinking eyelid movement, making the surface of the eye smooth and clear vision. Without the tear film, it is impossible to have a sharp eyesight.

Tear film consists of three layers namely:
Oil layer (outermost layer), is produced by small glands on the edge of the eyelid called gland meibom. Oil layer is useful lubricate the eye surface and reduce evaporation of tears.


Water layer is a layer of the middle of what we know as the tears. This layer is produced by small glands scattered in the conjunctiva. This layer serves to clean the eye and remove foreign objects or irritants. The innermost layer consists of mucus produced by other cells in the conjunctiva.

Layer of mucus allows tears spread evenly on the surface of the eye and helps to keep eyes moist. Without this layer, the tears will not stick to the eye. At least, there are two kinds of tears: lubricating tears into the eyes and tears produced in response to irritants or to emotion. Tears of the resulting lubricant eye all day. Tears over-produced when the eye stimulated by a foreign body or when someone is emotional, such as when crying.

Read More

Overcoming Stress In Life

Stress is a state of soul of the most popular in this century.  Stress is not a disease, but if you can not handle it in a certain time, you will be exposed to many health problems.

Previous'll say a few key things that can cause stress in the workplace: The working conditions are always under pressure, lack of clarity given task, a very high demand items, lack of planning work, presence of threats among employees, shouts and curses of the consumer,  coworker who is always annoying, physical discomfort, such as a noisy engine sound, which is less ventilation, at worst, the lack of improvement to overcome the problems above.
These things can cause physical and mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, nervous, unable to focus for long periods and prolonged fatigue.
If there are things above that you feel, you should immediately change your daily activities both at work and in your life as a whole.

Plan your activities well: what, why, how, when and who is responsible for these tasks.  It is important to plan not only long term but also short-term (monthly plans, daily plans).  Surely you in the past have had problems in the workplace.  Try to remember again is there any ways that you can use to solve problems you face today.

Come build a pleasant working climate, that is by being open and communicating with fellow colleagues.  Make sure you understand the duties and responsibilities towards you, and do not hesitate to ask.  Have the attitude of tolerance towards fellow colleagues.  Remember that each person is unique, for example: some people actually perform better under pressure while others require more time to finish the job.

Delegate some of your responsibilities to your subordinates.  Keep your team spirit, for example by conducting small celebrations, sports or recreation together.  Provide a good working environment.  Minimize distractions such as noise, ventilation, light and temperature.  Besides the stress in the workplace, in life in general we can experience stress for several reasons.

Read More